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Innate immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

CELLS AND TISSUES OF INNATE IMMUNITY

A

• Phagocytes
• Antigen presenting cells
• Natural killer cells
• Inflammatory cells

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2
Q

Function:
o Engulf and destroy antigens.
✓ And because of that it protects the body from bacteria and viruses.

A

Phagocytes

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3
Q

• Two types of phagocytes in the blood:

A

o Monocyte
o Leukocyte

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4
Q

Synthesis of biologically active molecules

A

Monocyte

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5
Q

Monocyte
These molecules that are produced by biological active molecules are what we call

A

Cytokines

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6
Q

May function as APC (Antigen Presenting Cells)

A

Monocyte

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7
Q

Largest white blood cells

A

Monocyte

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8
Q

MACROPHAGE DERIVED CYTOKINES

A

Interleukin - 1
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Interleukin - 6
Interleukin - 12

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9
Q

Stimulates hepatic cells to secrete CRP (opsonin)

A

Interleukin - 6

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10
Q

Activates NK cells to secrete gamma interferon (IFNy), which enhances cytotoxic ability of activated macrophages

A

Interleukin - 12

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11
Q

which enhances cytotoxic ability of activated macrophages

A

Gamma interferon (IFNy)

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12
Q

Short-lived circulating PMNs (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

A

Neutrophil

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13
Q

Called PMNs because of the

A

Many shapes of their nucleus

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14
Q

Very first cells that migrate to site of infection (within 2-3 hours)

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

• Pus cells
• Constitutes the most number of WBC ______
• Smaller that monocyte
o That is why it is called _____

A

57–65%
Microphage

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16
Q

If you’ll notice here, the neutrophils are usually found inside a blood vessel, What type of blood vessel could this be?

A

Capillary

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17
Q

they roll and then they adhere to the wall of the blood vessel and eventually they go out of the blood vessel and this process where in the blood cells go out of the blood vessels is known as

A

Diapedesis

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18
Q

The phagocytes move into the area of invasion and attaches itself to the microorganism
▪ Theacttachmentismediatedbyavariety of service receptors including antibody, lipopolysaccharides, and complement receptors for example

A

c3b

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19
Q

component of complement codes bacteria and then binds to c3b receptors on the phagocyte.

A

c3b

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20
Q

This process of coding to enhance phagocytosis is called _______

A

opsonization

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21
Q

The microorganism is then engulfed by the phagocyte into a vacuole known as the _______

A

phagosome

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22
Q

Vesicles in the cytoplasm called _______ fuse with the phagosome releasing digestive enzymes such as lysozyme and proteases into the phagosome

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

The structure that resulted from this fusion is called ________

A

phagolysosome

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24
Q

Inside the phagolysosome, microorganisms are __________

A

killed and digested

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25
Finally, the digested contents of the phagolysosome are eliminated from the site by ______…_…
exocytosis
26
Surface of the cell is
Not smooth, covered by chemicals that acts as receptors
27
Steps in phagocytosis
Initiation Chemotaxis Engulfment/Digestion Degredation Exocytosis
28
This is the time when your phagocyte is able to distinguish that something is non self.
Initiation
29
Initiation There are receptors in the surface of the cells that tells it something is foreign and these receptors can either be;
o CR3 o Lamina receptor o Leucyl-formyl-methionyl- phenylalanine receptor
30
Initiation Interaction may be
Direct and Indirect
31
The phagocyte can distinguish that the cell or that something is foreign because it can detect the cell itself
Direct interaction Initiation
32
The phagocyte does not actually detect the cell itself as foreign but rather it detects markers on the surface of the cell at kung meron yun automatically foreign yun. Kailangan may marker
Indirect Interaction Initiation
33
Faster mode of initiation is
Indirect initiation
34
the coating in the bacteria that detects the phagocyte that this is something that is non-self is what you called ________.
opsonin
35
o They facilitate the inititation of the phagocyte with the antigen o Are very important because they help the phagocytes in easily identifying what is non-self, pag nakakita siya ng opsonin automatically go action kaagad, so that is initiation again it can be direct or indirect.
Opsonins
36
Movement due to chemicals
Chemotaxis
37
▪ Chemo means “_________” and ▪ Taxis means “_______________”
chemical movement
38
Chemotaxis Can either be:
Positive and negative
39
Chemotaxis Movement is towards the chemicals.
Positive chemotaxis
40
Chemotaxis Instead of going towards the activator, the cells will tend to go away from the activator.
Negative chemotaxis
41
So basically, _________ is when it invites others to the site after the recognition of non-self components.
chemotaxis
42
Causes chemotaxis
Chemotaxins
43
Bacterial products of chemotaxis
Toxins and enzymes
44
▪ Dead/Damagedcells/tissues ▪ Antigen/antibodycomplexes ▪ Biochemical factors produced activation. ▪ Formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine
Chemotaxins
45
Where the phagocyte will ingest the non-self component.
Engulfment/Digestion
46
o Process: Extend the cytoplasm out ad engulfing the microorganism and forming __________ (vacuole)
phagosome
47
o Fusion of lysosome with phagosome, which results from the formation of the phagolysosome.
Degradation
48
After the bacteria is placed on the phagosome it fuses with ________
lysosome
49
▪ are the ones that are parts of the cells which contain hydrolytic enzymes to clean up the cell usually
lysosome
50
So the lysosome will fuse with the phagosome and will form what you call as a phagolysosome and then the lysosome will release substances into the phagolysosome so that the bacteria can get killed and that’s what we call __________
Degradation
51
First you release lysosomal contents like:
o Defensins o Lactoferrins o Lysozymes
52
Then bobombahan siya ng ________… which is toxic to microorganisms
nitrix oxide
53
Finally the one that actually kills or is effective in killing of microorganisms is because of the activation of __________,
NADPH oxidase
54
Finally the one that actually kills or is effective in killing of microorganisms is because of the activation of NADPH oxidase, or the release of these substances such as:
o superoxide anion o hydrogen peroxide o hydroxyl radicals
55
o Undigested part produced will be expressed on its surface (known as epitope or antigen) o Ito ay nilalabas in the process that we call
Exocytosis
56
Exocytosis Undigested part produced will be expressed on its surface (known as ___________)
epitope or antigen
57
Antigen presenting cells are able to:
o Endocytose antigens o Degrade them o Display antigen fragments
58
can also serve as antigen presenting cells.
Macrophages
59
They present antigen to the adaptive immunity because adaptive immunity is not activated so they do not recognize antigens, they recognize only through presentation by
Antigen Presenting Cells
60
Functions against viral infection and some tumors
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
61
function is to kill cells that are infected with virus because most of the virus are intracellular and some tumors.
Natural Killer Cells
62
Receptor of Natural Killer Cells
FcyR
63
FcyR o That means that this can detect the ______, the type of antibody.
IgG
64
lower part of the antibody (Gamma) which is the receptor.
Fc y R
65
Releases perforin
NK Cells
66
▪ means you make holes parang iniistab stab ang cell to perforate and then it lyses.
Perforin
67
Known as ADCC Spell
NK cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
68
Bakit antibody dependent ang NK Cell, because it should be mediated by:
▪ Antibody which is IgG ▪ Cellular because its cell natural killer, ▪ Cytotoxicity because it kills other cells.
69
Inflammatory Cells
Eosinophil and basophil/mast cell
70
Activated in response to parasitic infections
Eosinophil
71
Receptor of Eosinophil
FcɛR
72
Fc epsilon R, that means that it can only detect ____.
IgE
73
Eosinophils release _________________ in oder to kill the parasite
Eosinophils release MBP (major basic protein) and Eosinophil cationic proteins
74
When activated, they degranulate and release histamine
Basophil/Mast Cells
75
Targeting opsonin receptors with labeled antibody and measuring the amount of label
Recognition
76
ASSESSING DYSFUNCTION IN PHAGOCYTES
RECOGNITION INGESTION BACTERIAL KILLING PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION TO THE SITE OF INFECTION
77
• Label the bacteria • Allow phagocytosis to occur • Determine number of bacteria (outside, on and within the phagocyte)
Ingestion
78
We use this to know if the bacteria is still alive or it is not.
2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MMT)
79
Bacterial killing dye
3(4,4 dimethyl thiazoyl-2-yl)
80
cells will migrate to the top you examine if they will migrate to the top that is how you will see if the phagocyte is actually reacting to the chemotaxin or not because if they are not that means there’s an abnormality in your phagocyte so hindi sila effective.
Boyden Chamber Assay
81
you have three holes, on the center you place your sample, one well you place a chemotaxin (left hole) on the other well you place a non-chemotaxin (right hole) like water. Basically, after some time the cell should migrate towards the chemotaxin, magkakaroon yan ng band where the cells are. Dapat the cells are farther from the well to the chemotaxin than they are to the this substance (right hole) na hindi chemotaxin.
Migration Through Agaros
82
This is a very important process because activation of this really give the final blow to the microorganism o So if this is not activated you will have recurring infection
Activation of NADPH oxidase
83
PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION TO THE SITE OF INFECTION uses
Nitroblue Tetrazolium
84
It’s a clear yellow dye but during the process of phagocytosis the NADPH oxidase is activated, then it turns into blue (right: refer to the picture below).
Nitroblue Tetrazolium

Immuno Sero (4 decks)

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