Innate Immunity 2

Question 1

Second Line of Defense

Answer 1

Ceullar Barrier

Question 2

Cellular Barrier

Answer 2

Granulocytes
neutrophils/PMS
eosinophil
basophil
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
NK cells

Question 3

Phagocytic Cells

Answer 3

Myeloid and Macrophage-monoctes

Question 4

Myeloid

Answer 4

Neutrophil
Eosinophils
Basophil

Question 5

Neutrophils

Answer 5

Rapid phagocytosis but cannot phagocytose repeatedly
Has granules which contains bactericidal enzymes
Short lived
No ability to present antigen

Question 6

Macrophages and Monocytes

Answer 6

Slow but can phagocytose repeatedly
Contain bactericidal enzymes
Long lived
Selected cells have ability to present antigen

Question 7

Granules in Neutrophils

Answer 7

Lysozymes
Myeloperoxidase
Superoxide dismutases

Question 8

Lactoferrin

Answer 8

binds iron, therefore iron is not available for bacterial growth

Question 9

Collagenase

Answer 9

dissolves collagen when entering tissues that have invaded antigen

Question 10

Defensins

Answer 10

inserts between lipid bilayers and disrupt the interactions of lipid molecules

Question 11

Increase in number of neutrophils

Answer 11

neutrophilia

Question 12

Decreased number of neutrophils

Answer 12

neutropenia

Question 13

Killing by neutrophils

Answer 13

phagocytosis
respiratory burst
extracellular traps (NETs)

Question 14

Phagocytosis 4 stages

Answer 14

chemotaxis
attachment
phagocytosis
destruction

Question 15

Chemotaxis

Answer 15

chemical signals that attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation

Question 16

Adherence to vascular endothelial cells

Answer 16

increased expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells favoring attachment to surface molecules on neutrophils

Question 17

Diapedesis

Answer 17

Neutrophils migrate out of blood vessel and enter injury site

Question 18

Attachment

Answer 18

neutrophils and antigen attach to trigger igestion

Question 19

zeta potential

Answer 19

both cell surface of phagocytes and antigens are negatively charged, therefore repel. Zeta potential needs to be reduced

Question 20

opsonins

Answer 20

are proteins that bind to antigen to facilitate phagocytosis and decrease zeta potential. the process is called opsonization

Question 21

Opsonin

Answer 21

any substances which promote phagocytosis
(ex. antibodies, complement components, certain liver proteins) natural ketchup-protein which coat the antigen to facilitate phagocytosis.

Question 22

Phagocytosis

Answer 22

intesgtion

Question 23

destruction

Answer 23

fusion of phagosome with lysosome-phagolysosome results in dumping of noxious antigen destroying chemical

Question 24

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

Answer 24

sticky web-like nets made of de-condensed nuclear DNA
coated with antimicrobial protein from granules
shown to trap and kill bacteria are critical for clearing some infections
neutrophils form NETs and release them as a form of apoptosis (cell death) this is called NETosis

Question 25

Eosinophil

Answer 25

Larger than neutrophils increased in allergies and parasitic infestation granules have arylsulfatase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase Large crystalloid granule has core of major basic protein (MBP) with matrix surrounded by Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) Eosinophile peroxidase (EPO) Eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN)

Question 26

Basophil

Answer 26

Least numerous granulocyte (.5% of blood leukocytes) granules have complex of vasoactive molecule

Question 27

Macrophages

Answer 27

resting vs activated

Question 28

Il-12

Answer 28

Stimulates Th-1

Question 29

IL-10

Answer 29

Down regulates Th-1 immune responses promotes some Th-2 and B cells

Question 30

IL-6

Answer 30

Induces fever promotes B cell functions

Question 31

IL-1

Answer 31

stimulates T cells for antibody response induces fever

Question 32

Presentation of Antigen (Antigen presenting cells (APC))

Answer 32

1. Slow responders 2. Phagocytose repeatedly 3. Select Cells can present antigen they presents processed antigen to lymphocytes

Question 33

Dendritic Cells- (thin membranous projections)

Answer 33

1. Excellent antigen presenting cells (APC) 2. antibody-coated antigens are rapidly presented to lymphocytes

Question 34

4 types of dendritic cells

Answer 34

myeloid dendritic cell lymphoid dendritic cell follicular dendritic cell plasmacytoid dendritic cells (looks like plasma cell, secrete IFNalpha

Question 35

Type of T cell

Answer 35

helper cytotoxic memory regulatory

Question 36

types of B cell

Answer 36

memory plasma

Question 37

Natural Killer (NK) cells-Morphological features

Answer 37

subset of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, distinct from B and T cells express CD 16 (cluster of differentiation) have cytotoxic granules containing special proteins like perforin and protease known as granzymes

Question 38

Natural Killer (NK) cells-Functional features

Answer 38

Kill microbe infected cells by direct lytic mechanisms kill tumor cells and viral infected cells secrete IFNgamma