Micronutrients

Question 1

Micronutrients Categories

Answer 1

Macrominerals
Micromineral (trace mineral)
Water Soluble Vitamin
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Question 2

Macrominerals

Answer 2

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur

Question 3

Micromineral

Answer 3

Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Cobalt

Question 4

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 4

Cobalamin/B12
Folate/B9
Niacin/B3
Pyridozine/B6
Riboflavin/B2
Thiamine/B1

Question 5

Fat Soluble Vitamin

Answer 5

Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin K

Question 6

What does Calcium do

Answer 6

acid/base
cation
bone and teeth
blood coagulation muscle contration
nerve conduction

Question 7

What if there is too little Calcium

Answer 7

milk fever in cow
eclampsia in bitch
tetany
osteopenia

Question 8

Where is calcium

Answer 8

bone
dairy
dicalcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
calcium citrate
greens
legumes

Question 9

What does Phosphorus do?

Answer 9

Acid/base
Anion
Energy (ATP)
Preservation on human food

Question 10

What if there is too little/much phosphorus in the diet?

Answer 10

Little
Down cow
Much
metabolic bone diease if inverse calcium to phorphours ration
struvite stone
maybe chronic kidney disease

Question 11

Where is Phosphorus

Answer 11

phospholipids
meat
grain, brans>forage
dicalcium phosphate
phosphates in pre-packed human food

Question 12

What does complete and balanced mean?

Answer 12

calcium to phosphorus ration
general target 1:1-4:1 ration
1:1-2:1 is most common ratio
Consequences <1:1
increased PTH-pulls calcium from bone-osteopenia (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism)
Consequences>4:1
calcium based urolithiasis
down regulates PTH

Question 13

Potassium

Answer 13

Cation +
Cellular action potential/contraction
forage, fruit and vegetables
potassium citrate/chloride/sulfate/gluconate

Question 14

Magnesium

Answer 14

cation+
enzyme co factor-lots of function
kidney function
grass tetany if too little in the diet
alkalosis if too much in the diet
forage
magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate

Question 15

Sodium

Answer 15

cation+
osmotic balance
salt toxicosis if too much salt and inadequate water access
sodium chloride

Question 16

Chloride

Answer 16

Anion-
Under appreciated
can become low in the blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
various organic forms
sodium cholirde/potassium chloride

Question 17

Zinc and Copper

Answer 17

cofactors for several enzymes
skin and coat
bone and cartilage
ration 1:1-1:4
too little
achromotrichia, aortic rupture, poor doer
too much
copper hepatopathy
kidney disease

Question 18

Where are copper and zinc found?

Answer 18

Organ meat
zinc methionine
zinc sulfate
zinc oxide
copper sulfate
copper carbonate
copper oxide

Question 19

Iodine

Answer 19

thyroid hormone
iodized NaCl, pottassium iodine

Question 20

Iron

Answer 20

hemoglobin
anemia if too little
forage,grain
ferrous sulfate

Question 21

Sulfur

Answer 21

Anion-
Component of S-containing AA
To much degrades thiamine in the rumen-polioencephalomalacia

Question 22

Molybdenum

Answer 22

reduces the availability of other minerals

Question 23

Cation

Answer 23

potassium
sodium
magnesium

Question 24

Anion

Answer 24

Chloride
phosphorus
sulfur
methionine

Question 25

Vitamin D

Answer 25

Conversion of pro-vitamin D to vitamin D in the skin of dogs and cats is inefficient too little-developmental orthopedic diseae too much-developmental orthopedic disease and soft tissue calcification

Question 26

Where is Vitamin D found?

Answer 26

Liver, kidney salmon egg yolk plants human supplements (too high for animal consumption)

Question 27

Vitamin E

Answer 27

Tocopherol Lipid antioxidant protect PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake too little myopathy and fat necrosis

Question 28

Selenium

Answer 28

antioxidant (important for glutathion peroxidase) thyroid hormone production (T3 and T4) too little white muscle disease where is it grain and forage if the soil is Se-rich sodium selenite/selenite

Question 29

Vitamin K

Answer 29

blood clotting phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

Question 30

Vitamin A

Answer 30

vision, antioxidant, growth retinol, beta-carotene

Question 31

Cobalamin/B12

Answer 31

DNA too little-GI disease and anemia Where-animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes

Question 32

Folate/B9

Answer 32

DNA too little-anemia

Question 33

Niacin/B3

Answer 33

energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+ and NADP+)

Question 34

Pyridoxine/B6

Answer 34

amino acid metabolism in grains and legumes

Question 35

Thiamine/B1

Answer 35

energy metabolism (TCA) In grains, byproducts heat-labile too little-neurologic diease

Question 36

Choline

Answer 36

fatty acid metabolism fish, egg yold choline chloride

Question 37

biotin

Answer 37

gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism skin/coat/hooves corn, gut microbes