Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 1 - Week 4 > Innate immunity, acute inflammation > Flashcards

Innate immunity, acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

PAMPS/MAMPS

A

Pathogen/Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern

A conserved structural component of microbes/fungi/viruses that is sensed by the innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pattern Recognistion Molecules

A

Component of the innate immunse system that binds to and recognizes PAMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens upon recognition/binding of PAMPS by the Pattern Recognition Molecules of the innate immune system?

A
  • Phagocytosis (eg mannose receptor)
  • Opsonization (eg. soluble lectins)
  • Killing and breakdwon (eg lysozyme)
  • Production of inflammatory mediators (eg TLRs, NLRs, RLRs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do macrophages release when activated and what does this initiate?

A
  • Cytokines (TNF-a and IL-1B)
  • Chemokines (IL-8)

This initiates the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (Causing redness/heat/edema)

Inflammatory cells can now migrate into tissues and release inflammatory mediators that cause pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell surface TLR (Toll-Like Receptor) action

A

When activated (primarily by bacteria and fungi):

  • Increase expression of Cytokines, adhesion molecules, and costimulators
  • Cause acute inflammation
  • Stimulate adaptive immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of cells have Toll-Like Receptors?

A

TLRs are primarily on innate immune cells like Macrphages and Dendritic Cells as well as non-immune cells such as fibroblast cells and epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) action

A

When activated (primarily by bacterial and viral particles):

  • Produce type 1 interferon (IFN a, b)
  • Activate antiviral state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs) located?

A

In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NOD-Like Receptor (NLR) action

A

When activated by bacteria or tissue damage:

  • Leads to the secretion of IL-1B
  • IL-1B then causes acute inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Process of Leukocyte Migration (eg Neutrophils)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cell produces histamine?

A

Basophils and Mast Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to WBCs and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokines

A

A broad category of small proteins important in cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemokines

A

Class of cytokines with functions that include attracting WBCs to sites of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects; control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, blood clots formation, and the induction of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TNF-a

(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)

A

A cytokine that causes:

  • Endothelium vascular leakage and WBC recruitment
  • Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which cytokines act on the brain to cause fever?

A

IL-1

IL-6

TNF-a

18
Q

IL-1

(Interleukin-1)

A

A cytokine that causes:

  • Fever
  • Acute inflammation
  • Endothelium to express adhesion molecules
  • Induction of chemokine secretion that recruits WBCs
19
Q

IL-6

(Interleukin-6)

A

A cytokine that causes:

  • Fever
  • Production of acute-phase proteins
20
Q

What cytokines act on the liver to cause acute phase protein production?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
21
Q

What cytokines act on the bone marrow causing leukocyte production?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
22
Q

IL-8

(Interleukin-8)

A

A cytokine that acts as the major chemotactic factor for neutrophils

23
Q

Phagosome

A

A vacuole in the cytoplasm of a cell, containing a phagocytosed particle enclosed within a part of the cell membrane.

24
Q

How do cells kill the microbes within the phagosomes after phagocytosis?

A
  • Phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • The microbe is killed by:
    • ROS (Reactive Oxygen SSpecies)
    • NO (Nitric Oxide)
    • Lysosomal Enzymes
25
Q

The Complement System (General Info)

A
  • System of host blood proteins
  • Generates cascade of enzymatic reactions leading to opsonization or destruction of a pathogen
26
Q

Opsonization

A

Mechanism whereby pathogenic molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells (antigenic substances) are connected to antibodies, complements, or other proteins to attach to the cell surface receptors on phagocytes and NK cells

27
Q

Complement System 3 Activation Pathways

A
  • Classic: IgG or IgM mediated
  • Alternative: Microbe surface molecules
  • Lectin: Mannose on microbe surface binds lectin
28
Q

C3b

A

Component of the complement system that causes opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes

29
Q

C3a and C4a

A

Components of the complement system that cause anaphylaxis/inflammation

30
Q

C5a

A

Components of the complement system that causes anaphlyaxis and neutrophil chemotaxis

31
Q

C5b-9

A

(MAC) Membrane Attack Complex

Forms transmembrane channels that disrupt the cell membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death

32
Q

Selectins

A

Family of cell adhesion molecules

33
Q

How do cells react to viruses?

A
  • RIG-llike receptors (RLRs), Cytosolic DNA Sensors (CDSs), and Endosomal TLRs bind to viral particles and release type 1 intererons (IFN a or b)
  • Type 1 INF binds to receptors on nearby cells which causes them to have an antiviral state that inhibits viral replication via:
    • Inhibiting proetin synthesis
    • Inhibiting viral genome expression and virion assembly
    • Producing RNAase which degrades viral RNA
34
Q

What signals NK cells to kill virally infected cells?

A

Lack of MCH 1 expression

35
Q

Where are RIG-like receptors (RLRs) located and what do they sense/react to?

A
  • Location: cytoplasm
  • Sense/react to: viral replication intermediates
36
Q

Where are NLRs (NOD-like receptors) and what do they sense/react to?

A
  • Location: cystoplasm
  • Sense/React to: Bacterial components
37
Q

Where are CDSs (Cystosolic DNA sensors) located and what do they sense/react to?

A
  • Location: Cytoplasm
  • Sense/React to: DNA released from microbes or from cellular damage
38
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Loss of Function
39
Q

Integrins

A

Transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesio

40
Q

What increases the expression of integrin?

A

Cytokines can increase the production of integrin to aid with WBC migration

Block 1 - Week 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions