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Block 1 - Week 4 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the immune system?

A
  • Recognize/destroy pathogens
  • Recognize/clear effete/damaged self components
  • Initiate tissue/wound healing processes
  • Exhibit “tolerance” to innocuous material including self
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2
Q

What can the CBC, serum markers, and serum antibodies tell us about immunity?

A

The presence of a current or previous infection

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3
Q

What are some ways that the immune system can be harnessed to help patients?

A
  • Vaccines –> Prevent infection

- Cancer Immunotherapies –> Treat cancer

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4
Q

What are some clinical issues that the immune system can cause in response to certain treatments?

A
  • Reactions due to blood transfusions

- Graft vs Host or Host vs Graft diseases

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5
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Immune defects which result in susceptibility to recurrent infection

Can be congenital or acquired

Examples of causes: Malnutrition, chemotherapy, and HIV-AIDS

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6
Q

Immune hypersensitivity

A

Excessive immune reaction that leads to tissue damage

Examples: Allergies, chronic infections, contact sensitivities

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7
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Loss of tolerance leads to reaction against healthy self

Examples: Type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis

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8
Q

Immune Malignancy

A

Cancers of the immune system

Examples: leukemias and lymphomas

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9
Q

Innate Immunity (Basics)

A
  • Provides immediate protection from infection
  • Does not change in response to reinfection
  • Initiates processes that lead to activation of adaptive immunity
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10
Q

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity (Basics)

A
  • Adapts to a variety of non-self components
  • Responses upon reinfection are faster, better, and stronger
  • Generates proteins and cells that enhance innate immune function
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11
Q

Main components of blood

A

55% is plasma (93% of which is water and 7% are proteins by weight)

45% consists of cells, of which 1.6% are leukocytes

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • Makes up ~50% of circulating WBCs
  • Migratory and phagocytic
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13
Q

Which cells are granulocytes?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophil

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14
Q

Mast Cellls

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • Resident in connective tissue (includes epithelial linings of the lung and GI tract)
  • Upon activation –> Release inflammatory mediators from their intracellular granules
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15
Q

Are lymphocytes part of the innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Cells of the adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes, and include B-cells and T-Cells

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16
Q

What are effector cells?

A

Activated lymphocytes (T-Cells and B-Cells)

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17
Q

What are do activated B-Cells do?

A

Produce soluble anti-bodies

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18
Q

What cells are a part of the adaptive immunity?

A

B-Cells and T-Cells

19
Q

What cells are part of the innate immunity?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Mast cells
Dendritic cells

20
Q

Which WBCs are fully differentiated before leaving the bone marrow?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Naive B Cells

21
Q

Which WBCs differentiate from blood precursors after they enter tissue?

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

22
Q

Where do immature T cells complete maturation?

A

In the thymus where they then become fully differentiated naive T cells before reentering the blood

23
Q

Are naive B and T cells activated?

A

No. While they are differentiated, they need to be activated before B-Cells –> Plasma Cells and T-Cells –> Effector T-Cells

24
Q

What do hematopoetic stem cells (HSC) first differentiate into?

A

HSC are pleuripotent and self-renewing cells that can differentiate into:

  • Common lymphoid progenitor
  • Myeloid progenitor
  • Erythroid progenitor
25
Q

What can erythroid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Erythroblasts which ultimately become erythrocytes

or

Megakaryocytes which produce platelets

26
Q

What can myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

The granulocytes (Basophils, Eosinophils, or Neutrophils)

or

The tissue resident cells (Macrophages, mast cells, or dendritic cells)

27
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

28
Q

What line of cells do monocytes come from?

A

They come from the myeloid line and come from myeloid progenitor cells

29
Q

What can common lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

B-Cells
T-Cells
NK-Cells

30
Q

How long does the adaptive immunity take to activate?

A

Days to weeks

31
Q

Antibody

A
  • Extremely high binding specificity

- Can target anything (protein, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, small molecules, drugs, etc.)

32
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that a antibody (or T-cell receptor) binds to

33
Q

Epitope

A

The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

34
Q

Plasma cell

A

Activated Naive B Cells that produce antibodies

35
Q

Memory B Cells

A

Some activated B Cells become long lived memory B cells that circulate in the body which upon re exposure to the same infection produce a much faster and more robust response

36
Q

Primary response

A

Adaptive immunity is activated for the first time

37
Q

Secondary response

A

Adaptive immunity has memory B cells for that infection and can thus respond more quickly and with a stronger response

38
Q

Memory T cell

A

A small portion of long-lived T cells (called memory T cells) remains for rapid response upon pathogen re-exposure

39
Q

Helper T cell

A
  • Type of activated T cell
  • Interact with macrophages that have eaten a particular pathogen
  • Induce killing activities of these macrophages
40
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A
  • Type of activated T cell

- When engaging with the surface antigen of a viral infected cell –> kills infected cell

41
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Activities of effector T cells

42
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Activities of antibodies made by Plasma cells

43
Q

Tolerance

A

Adaptive immunity avoiding reacting to self cells

Block 1 - Week 4 (11 decks)

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