Innate Immunity in Inflammatory Disease

Question 1

Which TLRs are on the endosomal membrane?

Answer 1

TLR3 (dsRNA), TLR7 (ssRNA), TLR9 (CpG DNA)

Question 2

Which TLRs are on the cell membrane?

Answer 2

TLR1/2 (triacyl lipopeptides), TLR4 (LPS), TLR5 (flagellin), TLR6/2 (diacyl lipopeptides)

Question 3

What does TLR9 recognise?

Answer 3

CpG DNA- viruses

Question 4

What does TLR4 recognise?

Answer 4

LPS- mainly G-ve bacteria

Question 5

What does TLR5 recognise?

Answer 5

Flagellin

Question 6

What is the function of IL-1beta?

Answer 6

Activates vascular endothelium and lymphocytes
Local tissue destruction
Increases access of effector cells
Early mediator

Question 7

What are the systemic effects of IL-1beta?

Answer 7

Fever, production of IL-6

Question 8

What is the function of TNF-alpha?

Answer 8

Activates vascular endothelium, increases permeability.
Increases IgG, complement, cells, fluid drainage to lymph nodes.
Early mediator

Question 9

What are the systemic effects of TNF-alpha?

Answer 9

Fever, mobilisation of metabolites, shock.

Question 10

What is the function of IL-6?

Answer 10

Lymphocyte activation, increased antibody production.

Question 11

What are the systemic effects of IL-6?

Answer 11

Fever, acute-phase protein production.

Question 12

What is the function of chemokine CXCL8?

Answer 12

Recruits neutrophils, basophils, T cells

Question 13

What is the function of IL-12?

Answer 13

Activates NK cells.

Induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 cells.

Question 14

Which IL is important for neutrophil recruitment by Th17 cells?

Answer 14

IL-17

Question 15

Which chemokines primarily allow movement of neutrophils?

Answer 15

IL-8/CXCL8.

Question 16

What is myo-peroxidase?

Answer 16

Protein in neutrophils

Question 17

Which Fc receptor is expressed by neutrophils?

Answer 17

Fc-gamma, for IgG

Question 18

What are the three ways of neutrophil death?

Answer 18

Apoptosis, necrosis, NETosis

Question 19

What does NETs contain?

Answer 19

Histones, DNA, anti-bacterial peptides, enzymes (MPO), proteases.

Question 20

What colour to NETs stain?

Answer 20

White

Question 21

What molecules are important for rolling of leukocytes?

Answer 21

Selectins

Question 22

What molecules are responsible for adhesion of leukocytes?

Answer 22

Adhesion molecules (e.g. ICAM)

Question 23

Which adhesion molecule recruits neutrophils?

Answer 23

IL-8 attractant

Question 24

Which adhesion molecule recruits neutrophils?

Answer 24

CCL2

Question 25

Of what type are chemokine receptors?

Answer 25

GPCR

Question 26

What are the two main types of chemokine receptor?

Answer 26

CXC- classically neutrophil recruiting | CC- monocellular leukocytes

Question 27

Which cytokines do early pro-inflammatory macrophages express?

Answer 27

IL-1beta, TNF

Question 28

Which cytokine to later anti-inflammatory macrophages express?

Answer 28

TGF-beta

Question 29

Via which signalling molecules do macrophages activate endothelial cells to transition into myofibroblasts?

Answer 29

Cytokines, ROS, TGF-beta1, PDFG

Question 30

Via which signalling molecules do macrophages activate epithelial cells to transition into myofibroblasts?

Answer 30

TNF, IL-1, TGF-beta1

Question 31

Via which signalling molecules do macrophages activate pericytes to transition into myofibroblasts?

Answer 31

PDFG, FGF-2. TGF-beta1, IGF-1

Question 32

Via which signalling molecules do macrophages activate mesangial cells and fibroblasts to transition into myofibroblasts?

Answer 32

TGF-beta1, PDGF, FGF-2

Question 33

Which complement components for the MAC?

Answer 33

Cb5-C9

Question 34

What is the function of complements C3a, C5a and C4a?

Answer 34

Recruit leukocytes