Inner Nervous Tunic Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Eye part in the inner nervous tunic
A
retina
2
Q
The area where image is cast. Covers posterior 5/6 of the eye
A
retina
3
Q
Light-sensitive tissue lining the inside of the eye
A
Retina
4
Q
Nerve fibers within send electrical signals to the brain which then interprets these signals as ______________
A
visual image
5
Q
3 Distinct regions of the retina
A
Optic nerve head/Optic Disc/Blind spot
Macula lutea
Peripheral retina
6
Q
Site where ganglion cell axons accumulate & exit the eye.
A
optic disc
7
Q
optic disc is also known as
A
optic nerve head
blind spot
7
Q
optic disc is Slightly elongated
A
vertically
8
Q
Horizontal diameter of optic disc
A
1.7 mm
9
Q
vertical diameter of optic disc
A
1.9 mm
10
Q
Macula lutea is also known as
A
Yellow spot (lutein & zeaxanthin)
11
Q
Dark area located at the posterior pole of the eyeball, temporal to the optic disc
A
macula lutea
12
Q
Diameter of macula lutea
A
5.5mm
13
Q
Most sensitive part of the retina
A
macula lutea
14
Q
part of the retina responsible for photopic vision
A
macula lutea
15
Q
Yellow pigmented area surrounding the fovea centralis
A
macula lutea
16
Q
fovea centralis is located within __________________
A
macula lutea
17
Q
Fovea centralis contains
A
cones
18
Q
site of highest visual acuity
A
fovea centralis
19
Q
T/F
Fovea centralis is vascular
A
F
Avascular
20
Q
Fovea centralis receives nutrition by diffusion via _______________________
A
choriocapillaris
21
Q
Central floor of fovea
A
foveola
22
Q
diameter of foveola
A
0.35mm
22
Q
A
23
tiny depression at the center of foveola
umbo
24
part of the retina that contains rods for scotopic vision
peripheral retina
25
10 Layers of the Retina (From closest to vitreous)
Inner limiting membrane
Nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer Plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
Outer limiting membrane
Layer of rods and Cones
Retinal Pigmented epithelium
26
Outermost layer of the retina adjacent to choroid
Retinal pigmented epithelium
26
RPE is made up of single layer of __________________________________________
hexagonal epithelial cells
27
Outer portion of RPE has nucleus & moderate number of round
pigment ___________
granules
28
Inner portion has pigment granules: _________________________
Melanin (fuscin)
29
Functions of RPE
1. Absorbs light
2. Prevents reflection of light rays back from the retina
3. Stores Vitamin A
4. Remove debris from rods and cones by phagocytic action
30
layer of the retina that contains the light-sensitive receptor cells
layer of rods and cones
31
light-sensitive receptor cells
rods and cones
32
2 dendrites in the layer of rods and cones
Outer segment
Inner segment
33
Dendrites that Contains visual pigment molecules
outer segment
34
Visual pigment molecule of rods
rhodopsin
35
Visual pigment molecule of cones
iodopsin
36
Dendrite that contains organells
inner segment
37
organelles in the inner segment
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
38
LAYER OF RODS AND CONES
contains nucleus and photoreceptors
cell body
39
LAYER OF RODS AND CONES
synapses with dendrites of bipolar neurons
axon
40
Outer limiting membrane is a Thin layer formed by the chief supporting cells called _______________
Muller cells
41
This layer of the retina is not a true membrane
Outer Limiting Membrane
42
Outer limiting membrane is composed of ____________________ junctions between photoreceptors and Muller cells
zonula adherens
43
Composed of zonula adherens junctions between __________________ and ______________
photoreceptors; Muller cells
44
Act as a metabolic barrier restricting the passage of some
large molecules
Outer limiting membrane
45
Contains nuclei of rods & cones
outer nuclear layer
46
Outer nuclear layer is the thickest in the fovea due to
concentration of cones
47
Approximate thickness of nasal edge of optic disc (ONL)
8-9 cells thick
48
Approximate thickness of temporal edge of optic disc (ONL)
4 rows thick
49
Contains axodendritic synapses between photoreceptor
cells & dendrites of bipolar and horizontal cells
ONL
50
ONL contains _____________ synapses between photoreceptor
cells & dendrites of bipolar and horizontal cells
axodendritic
51
ONL contains axodendritic synapses between ______________ & _________________________________________ cells
photoreceptor cells; dendrites of bipolar and horizontal
52
Inner nuclear layer contains the nucleus of:
1. Bipolar neurons
2. Horizontal neurons
3. Amacrine neurons (unipolar neuron)
4. Neuroglial cells/Muller cells
53
INL contains axodendritic synapses between________________ and _________________ and _______________
axons of bipolar neurons; dendrites of ganglion cells; amacrine cells
54
Contains cell bodies of large multipolar neurons of ganglion cells
ganglion cell layer
55
NFL contains _________________ axons of the ganglion cells
unmyelinated
56
Axons of NFL become myelinated as the nerves pierces the ____________
sclera
57
Thickest at the margin of optic disc
nerve fiber layer
58
ILM is formed by __________________ of _______________
basal laminae; muller cells
59
Forms innermost boundary of retina
inner limiting membrane
60
CELLS IN THE RETINA
Pigmented Epithelium
Nerve Cells
Neuroglial cells
61
Pigmented epithelium is a Single layer of a.___________ cells. b.____________in the posterior pole. Longer, narrower, and densely pigmented in ________area. Larger and cuboidal in the ______________. Apex consists of ____________ extending in layer of rods & cones.
a. hexagonal
b. Columnar
c. macular
d. ora serrata
e. microvilli
62
True or false
Pigmented epithelium has intercellular junction
false
Pigmented epithelium has NO intercellular junction
63
Pigmented epithelium connect _______ and _________
RPE; photoreceptor cells
64
Nerve Cells
Photoreceptor cells
Bipolar cell
Ganglion cell
Amacrine cell
65
Special sense cell containing pigments that absorb photons of light
Photoreceptor cells
66
First-order neuron in visual pathway
photoreceptor cells
67
Size of rods
long or short
long
68
Size of cones
long or short
short
69
Synaptic terminal of rods
spherule
70
Synaptic terminal of cones
Pedicle
71
Number of rods
91M
72
Number of cones
4.5 M
73
Location of rods
periphery
74
Location of Cones
Center
75
Second-neuron in the visual pathway
bipolar cell
76
Bipolar cell's nucleus is large with minimal cell body ________. Releases a neurotransmitter _______
cytoplasm; glutamate
77
Bipolar cell dendrite synapses with:
a. Axons of photoreceptor cells
b. Horizontal cell
78
Bipolar cell axon synapses with:
a. Dendrites of ganglion cell
b. Processes of amacrine cell
79
Ganglion cell is a _______ neuron
multipolar
80
Third-order neuron in visual pathway
Ganglion cell
81
cell layer absent in the fovea
ganglion cell layer
82
Ganglion cell dendrite synapses with
a. Axons of bipolar cells
b. Amacrine cells
83
Axons of ganglion cell
Transmit visual impulses synapse in a. ________
Transmit afferent impulses to control pupillary response to lighten apse in the ___________ in midbrain
a. LGB
b. pretectal nuclei
84
______________ cell bodies lie at the inner nuclear layer. Processes are directed _____________ towards the ganglion cell layer in the inner plexiform layer. Oriented ________the direction of light impulse transmission
a. Amacrine cell
b. inward
c. against
85
Amacrine cell Processes synapses with:
a. Dendrites of ganglion cells
b. Axons of bipolar cells
86
Amacrine cell carries information _____________
horizontally
87
3 neuroglial cells
Muller cells
Microglial cells
Astrocyte
88
Neuroglial cells that Provide structural support by enclosing the dendrite processes
muller cell
89
Neuroglial cell that is wandering phagocytic cells engage in phagocytosis of degenerating retinal neurons
microglial cells
90
Neuroglial cell that is star-shaped fibrous cells which encircles the nerve fibers and retinal capillaries
Astrocyte
91
Visual Pathway
Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
LGN
Optic radiations
Visual cortex
92
formed by axons of ganglion cells
optic nerve
93
Dendrites or Axons
Going to cell body
Dendrites
94
Dendrites or Axons
Away from cell body
Axons
95
Outermost layer of retina composed of _________________ and ____________ of rod & cone neurons
photoreceptors; dendritic processes
96
Photoreceptors are excited by light, they are in a synaptic relationship with ______________________
bipolar neuron
97
Bipolar neurons interact with _________________ neurons
ganglion
98
Axons of retinal ganglion cell neurons coalesce to form
__________________ and course in the optic nerve
optic disc
99
At optic chiasma, axons originating from medial (nasal) retina decussate & continue as
___________ optic tract
contralateral
100
At optic chiasma, axons originating from lateral (temporal) retina remain _______________ & course in the ____________ optic tract
ipsilateral; ipsilateral
101
The degree of decussation of optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasm varies in different species
T/F
True
102
As a general rule, the less lateral the eyes are placed on the head, the greater the degree of decussation, and the less vision is binocular.
T/F
TRUE
As a general rule, the MORE lateral the eyes are placed on the head, the greater the degree of decussation, and the less vision is binocular.
103
In primates, essentially all the fibers from medial half of
retina cross, while all fibers from lateral half of retina
remain ________________ enabling binocular vision.
ipsilateral
