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Insects, Microbes, Plants > Insect Class Final > Flashcards

Insect Class Final Flashcards

1
Q

Which plant disease is most associated with root rotting pathogens?

A

Monocyclic

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2
Q

Which reproductive system is considered the least dangerous when it comes to the pathogens ability to rapidly evolve around plant resistance or to become resistant to pesticides?

A

Asexual

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3
Q

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason that fungi are the single most important group of plant pathogens?

A
  • Always associated with vectors
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4
Q

The first major successful use of chemical control of a plant pathogen is a most associated with what country and crop?

A

France and grape production

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5
Q

Which statement best compares modern fungicides to fungicides from 100 years ago?

A

Modern fungicides are less harmful to non-target organisms, and have more resistance issues

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6
Q

Which of the following was NOT one of the “Darwinian assumptions” required for evolutionary selection to occur?

A

Some of the phenotypic variation is variable

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7
Q

Which of the following evolutionary innovations contributed to the broad success and abundance of insects?

A
  • flight
  • Complete metamorphosis
  • Exoskeleton
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8
Q

Plant disease triangle?

A
  • host
  • pathogen
  • environment
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9
Q

A pop. Of fungal pathogen splitting and adapting to specialize on two diff plant hosts is an example of what type of selection?

A
  • disruptive selection
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10
Q

Which of the following are TRUE about insect physiology?

A
  • Insects have a respiratory system
  • Insect nerves have many similarities to vertebrae nerves
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11
Q

Which of the following are FALSe about the history of pest management?

A
  • humans started using pesticides in 1939 when DDT was discovered
  • The goal of integrated pest management is to limit the use of genetic control
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12
Q

Which of the following is true about insect taxonomy and evolution?

A

All insects are anthropods

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13
Q

Which of the following is true about insect development?

A

Holometabolous development reduces competition between adults and juveniles

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14
Q

Define EIL

A

the pest density at which the costs of control equal the benefits of control

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15
Q

Define gain threshold

A

the amount of yield that needs to be gained by the management action in order for the management option to be financially worthwhile34

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16
Q

Example of each type of control
Chemical -
Biological -
Genetic -
Cultural -
Physical -

A

Chemical - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Biological - Predacious lady beetle
Genetic - Aphid-resistant soybean varietal
Cultural - Tillage
Physical - Netting

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17
Q

In what century was it first proven that microbes existed?

A

1600s

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18
Q

In what century was it first proved that microbes could cause plant disease?

A

1800s

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19
Q

List the 3 steps of the “pesticide treadmill”

A
  • Pesticide used to control pests
  • Pest developes resistance
  • New pesticide required
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20
Q

What are some characteristics of a plant disease that would cause you to NOT want to develop a plant disease forecasting system for it?

A
  • Disease is the same every year
  • No control measures practical
  • If damage it deals is minuscule
  • If it’s not prevalent in your area
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21
Q

What are reasons developing countries are more prone to post-harvest losses?

A
  • poor storage
  • poor drying techniques
  • lack of infrastructure to bring crop to market
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22
Q

What factors impact how we set an economic threshhold (ET) that are NOT part of determining the EIL?

A
  • lead time
  • insect pop. growth rate
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23
Q

What is the mission of a Land Grant Institution and how was this system funded?

A

Country took land from natives and gifted it to universities for agricultural education and research

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24
Q

HEAD, then THORAX, then ABDOMEN

A

All legs and wings are on THORAX

25
Q

What’s a carrying capacity (K)? Is a severe pest more likely to have a higher K or lower than the EIL?

A

K = Max. pop. size environment can sustain, K > EIL with severe pests

26
Q

C, V, YL, K

A

Cost, Value, Yield loss, proportion

27
Q

What can act as both a phytoalexin and a phytoanticipan

A
  • alkaloid
  • phenolic compound
28
Q

What’s “less durable” in the long run?

A

vertical resistance

29
Q

Which are persistently transmitted (P) virus characteristics and what’s non-persistent (N)?
- Stylet borne
- Long incubation time
- Circulates through the whole insect
- Can be transmitted immediately after feeding

A

N - Stylet borne
P - Long incubation time
P - Circulates through the whole insect
N - Can be transmitted immediately after feeding

30
Q

How does intercropping affect plant disease?

A

Often reduces disease

31
Q

Which invasive organism is the “escape from enemies” hypothesis lease likely to explain why they are invasive?

A

Invasive microbes

32
Q

Which of the following agricultural practices is most likely to encourage mycorrhizal colonization of your crop?

A
  • Using cover crops
33
Q

Potential mechanisms of pathogen biocontrols

A
  • Hyper-parasitism
  • Production of anti-microbial compounds
  • Competition
  • Induction of plant defenses
34
Q

Strategies that can be used to manage pathogen pesticide resistance

A
  • Rotate MOA’s
  • Multi-use MOA’s
35
Q

Ways to encourage the development of “suppressive soils”

A
  • Compost
  • Only ever planting one crop in a field, although very rare
36
Q

Natural selection acts on your phenotype

A

AND your genotype determines your phenotype

37
Q

GMO examples:

A
  • Corn variety that produces dsRNAs against corn rootworm
  • Corn that underwent targeted genome editing
38
Q

If a crop protection strategy was made possible with “meditated transformation” what strategy is being used?

A

Genetic modification

39
Q

Growing corn and soybean together in the same field in alternating rows at the same time is:

A

Intercropping

40
Q

What’s true about augmentative biological control?

A

It uses species that are already present in the ecosystem as biocontrol agents

41
Q

Can you buy bio control agents for your farm online? And does Spatial and temporal plant diversity both enhance the suppression of pests?

A

YES

42
Q

What are the two ecological mechanisms that can explain why more plant diversity can suppress insect pest abundance?

A
  • Enemies
  • Resource concentration
43
Q

Behavioral resistance vs. Physiological resistance

A

Behavioral resistance means pest learn to avoid things that kill them, physiological - they build a tolerance to it

44
Q

Inoculative vs. Inundative

A

Inoculative - releasing a smaller amount of natural enemies expecting them to reproduce and stick around a couple of generations
Inundative - Releasing TONS of natural enemies not expecting them to reproduce and be gone in a single generation

45
Q

What defines classical biological control?

A

Import with co-evolved enemy from native range

46
Q

What defines neo-classical biological control?

A

The enemy used to control did not co-evolve with the target

47
Q

Strategies that might be employed in a conservation biological control approach:

A
  • removing the (natural enemy to your pest)’s predators
  • Increasing the natural enemy to your pest’s resources
48
Q

Evolutionary history of bees: what bees are, when they evolved, their relationship with flowers, where bees nest

A
  • Hymenoptera, 20,000 bee species
  • First appeared about 123 million years ago
  • Cretotrigona prisca (1st bee) 65-75 million years ago
  • Bees and flowers evolve together, and different flowers place pollen on different parts of bee’s bodies
  • Some bees nest in flower petals, termite mounds, the ground (most popular), INSIDE twigs
49
Q

solitary, social, and parasitic bees

A
  • Social: Work as a team and bees have “roles”
  • Solitary: (80% of bees), solitary bee females establish and provision nests on their own with no assistance from other individuals
  • Parasitic: Mom lays eggs with stranger bees and when her bees come out they kill the host larvae and eat the pollen ball “steal pollen”
50
Q

Importance of bees to our food systems: how much food and what kinds of food rely on pollinators, impacts of pollinated crop foods on human health

A
  • 2/3 of crops, 1 in 3 bites of food
  • Almonds, nuts, kiwis, strawberries, blueberries, watermelon
51
Q

Honey bee “migration”

A
  • Put honeybees on semis and take them to California to pollinate almonds in February,
52
Q

What are some specific reasons pollinators have been considered under threat recently?

A
  • Loss of habitat
  • Insecticides
  • Disease
53
Q

Distinguish between symbiosis and mutualism

A
  • Mutualism is when two species are HELPING each other, Symbiosis just means different species are living in close association, could be positive or negative.
54
Q

What is a facultative mutualism? An obligate mutualism? Give an example of each

A
  • An obligate mutualism means the parasite can’t live without the host. Ex: Lice
  • A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle. Ex: Candida
55
Q

Examples of mutualisms (insect-insect, insect-plant, insect-microbe): what are the benefits/roles of each partner?

A
  • insect-insect: Ants and honeydew producing insects, ants get the sugar from honeydew and then protect the insect
  • insect-plant: Figs + fig wasps, Figs have internal flowers obligately pollinated by fig wasps that live and lay eggs inside the fruit
56
Q

Types of services/impacts conferred by microbial symbionts (in insects) (nutrition, defense, reproductive manipulation)

A
  • Nutrition: Microbe helps make up the diet deficiencies of insect
  • Defense: Protect from Parasitoids, Parasites, Fungal infections
  • Reproductive manipulation: Infected males make defective sperm that needs a matching infection in the egg to be “rescued”
57
Q

What are the 3 ways that Streptomyces populations differ between disease conducive and suppressive soils?

A
  • Suppressive Soil has MORE Streptomyces
  • SS Streptomyces are better antibiotic producers
  • SS Streptomyces produce a greater diversity of antibiotic phenotypes
    (More, better, more diverse disease suppression)
58
Q

How does “niche-differentiation” affect whether a soil is more suppressive or less?

A

RESOURCE COMPETITION IS IMPORTANT TO FITNESS

Insects, Microbes, Plants (2 decks)

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