Insect Classification Exam 1 Flashcards
ID info and strategies for common insects. For Spring 2024 class at UF. (135 cards)
1
Q
What families are in Megaloptera?
A
Sialidae (Alderflies), Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)
2
Q
What family is in Raphidoptera?
A
Raphidae (Snakeflies)
3
Q
What families are in Neuroptera?
A
Mantispidae (Mantid lacewings), Crysopidae (Green lacewings), Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings), Myrmeleontidae (Antlions), Ascaphidae (Owlflies)
4
Q
How to tell Sialidae (Alderflies) vs. Sorydalidae (Dobsonflies)?
A
Alderflies are 25mm or less and lack ocelli, Dobsonflies are larger and have ocelli
5
Q
A
Sialidae (Alderflies)
6
Q
A
Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)
7
Q
A
Raphidae (Snakeflies)
8
Q
A
Mantispidae (Mantis lacewings)
9
Q
A
Chrysopidae (Green lacewings)
10
Q
A
Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings)
11
Q
A
Myrmeleontidae (Antlions)
12
Q
A
Ascalaphidae (Owlflies)
13
Q
How to tell Chrysopidae (Green lacewings) vs. Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings)?
A
Chrysopidae wings have many cells, top is unbranched veins. Hemerobiidae have larger cells, top has branching veins.
14
Q
Psocoptera
A
Barklice and booklice
15
Q
What suborders are in Phthiraptera?
A
Mallophaga (chewing lice) and Anoplura (sucking lice)
16
Q
How to tell chewing vs. sucking lice?
A
Chewing lice have 2 tarsal claws/segments and sucking lice have 1 tarsal claw/segment. Also mouthparts.
17
Q
Thysanoptera and how to ID?
A
Thrips: feathery wings with asymmetrical mouthparts
18
Q
Ephemeroptera
A
Mayflies
19
Q
Imago and subimago
A
Imago is adult stage. Subimago is a winged, non-sexual stage unique to mayflies
20
Q
Suborders of Odonata?
A
Anisoptera (Dragonflies) and Zygoptera (Damselflies)
21
Q
Dragonfly families and ID
A
Aeshnidae: eyes touching
Libellulidiae: eyes barely touching, boot shape present in hind wing
22
Q
Damselfly families and ID
A
Calopterygidae: several antenodal crossveins
Coenagrionidae: only 2 antenodal crossveins, veins IR2+ and RP3- nearer nodus than arculus
23
Q
A
Coenagrionidae
24
Q
A
Calopterygidae
25
Libullulidae
26
Characteristics of Orthoptera
Wings, large pronotum, saltatorial (jumping) hind legs, well developed ovipositor
27
Suborders of Orthoptera
Caelifera and Ensifera
28
Caelifera characteristics
Short antennae, 3 or less tarsomeres, short robust ovipositor, tympanum on side of 1st abdominal segment, stridulatory apparatus on hind femora and tegmina
29
Families in Caelifera
Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers), Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers), Tridactylidae (pygmy mole cricket)
30
Families in Ensifera
Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers), Gryllacrididae (camel or cave crickets), Gryllidae (crickets), Gryllotalpidae (mole cricket)
31
Ensifera characteristics
Long antennae, 3 or 4 tarsomeres, long or spear shaped ovipositor, tympanum at base of front of tibia (or absent), stridulatory apparatus on tegmina (or absent)
32
How to tell family Acrididae?
short horned grasshoppers; tympanum on first abdominal segment, 3 tarsomeres, ovipositor short with sclerotized valves
33
How to tell family Tetrigidae?
pygmy grasshoppers; pronotum extended over abdomen almost to wing tips, 2 tarsomeres on front/middle legs and 3 tarsomeres on hind legs
34
How to tell family Tridactylidae?
pygmy mole crickets; 2 pairs of cerci, no tympanum, front legs fossorial, front/middle legs with 2 tarsomeres, hind leg with 1 or none
35
How to tell family Gryllotalpidae?
mole crickets; tympanum on front tibia, front legs fossorial, tarsi with 3 tarsomeres
36
How to tell family Tettigoniidae?
long horned grasshoppers; long antennae, blade like ovipositor, 4 segmented tarsi, auditory tympana near proximal end of fore tibia
37
How to tell family Gryllacrididae?
camel or cave crickets; wings usually absent, no tympanum on front tibia, usually gray or brown, 4 tarsomeres
38
How to tell family Gryllidae?
crickets; long antennae, tympanum on front tibia, 3 tarsomeres, ovipositor long and spear shaped
39
Phasmatodea
Walking sticks
40
Heteronemiidae characteristics
Most common family of Phasmatodea; 5 segmented tarsi, mesothorax 4x as long as prothorax, wings absent
41
What is the most common family in Phasmatodea?
Heteronemiidae
42
Plecoptera
Stoneflies
43
Plecoptera characteristics
long antennae (25-10 segments), eyes small and widely spaced on head, chewing mouthparts in species that feed
44
Plecoptera (Stoneflies)
45
Embiidina
Webspinners
46
Embiidina characteristics
Tarsi on front legs enlarged containing silk glands, cerci 2 segmented, ocelli absent, females wingless always
47
Grylloblattodea
Rock crawlers and ice crawlers
48
Grylloblattodea characteristics
slender and wingless, pale or white in color, compound eyes small or absent, lack ocelli, long filiform antennae, 5 or 8 segmented cerci
49
Dermaptera
Earwigs
50
Dermaptera characteristics
pincher cerci, 3 segmented tarsi, hind wing folds under short leathery wing (when winged)
51
Zoraptera
Zorapterans (Angel Insects)
52
Zoraptera characteristics
minute, winged or wingless, wings eventually shed leaving stubs, 2 segmented tarsi, cerci short and unsegmented, cerci end in long bristle
53
Mantophasmatodea
Heelwalkers
54
Mantophasmatodea characteristics
2-3 cm, no raptorial forelegs, no jumping hind legs, keep last tarsal segment in air when walking
55
Mantodea
Praying mantis
56
Mantodea characteristics
large, raptorial front legs, prothorax lengthened, front coxae long and mobile, head freely movable
57
Families in Mantodea
Mantoididae (Mayan Mantid), and Mantidae
58
Characteristics of Mantoididae
Mayan Mantids; found in central/south Florida and are small and cockroach like
59
Blattodea
Cockroaches and Termites
60
Blattodea characteristics
flat oval body, head concealed by pronotum, 5 segmented tarsi, wings present or reduced, long filiform antennae, fast moving
61
Isoptera
Termites
62
Isoptera characteristics
wings equally sized, filiform antennae, chewing mouthparts, morphology depends on caste
63
Embidiina (webspinners)
64
Dermaptera (earwigs)
65
Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers and ice crawlers)
66
Mantophasmatodea (heelwalkers)
67
Zoraptera (angel insects)
68
Mantodea/Mantidae
69
Family Mantoididae (Mayan mantids)
70
Isoptera (termites)
71
Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers)
72
Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers)
73
Tridactylidae (pygmy mole crickets)
74
Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)
75
Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers)
76
Gryllacrididae (camel or cave crickets)
77
Gryllidae (true crickets)
78
family Heteronemiidae (walking sticks)
79
family Pseudophasmatidae (striped walking sticks)
80
Collembola
Springtails
81
Collembola characteristics
body may be elongate or compact/spherical, simple eyes consisting of 8 or less ocelli, forked furcula (spring), moniliform antennae (4-6 segments). Not insects but hexapods.
82
Collembola
83
Collembola
84
Protura
Proturans (no common name)
85
Protura characteristics
elongate body, eyes absent, antennae absent, forelegs are not used for walking but function as antennae. Not insects but hexapods.
86
Protura
87
Diplura
Diplurans (no common name)
88
Diplura characteristics
vary in size, cerci may be pincher like similar to dermaptera, moniliform antennae, eyes absent
89
Diplura
90
Class Insecta synapomorphies (7)
ectognathous mouthparts, annulated antennae, Johnston's organ in pedicel, posterior tentorial arms fused, subsegmented tarsi (jointed foot), ovipositor formed from segments 8 and 9, spiracles on mesothorax and metathorax
91
What orders make up Thysanura?
Microcoryphia (Archaeognatha sp.) and Thysanura (Zygentoma sp. and Lepisma sp.)
92
Microcoryphia
Jumping bristletails
93
Microcoryphia characteristics
bristletails; elongated body covered in scales, long antennae with many segments, 3 cerci with middle longest, wingless, compound eyes which meet in middle of head
94
Thysanura
silverfish and bristletails
95
Thysanura characteristics
elongate body covered in scales, small compound eyes or eyeless, wingless, long antennae, 3 cerci of similar length with outer 2 pointing away from body
96
Microcoryphia (jumping bristletail)
97
Thysanura (silverfish and bristletails)
98
What taxonomic level is Hexapoda?
superclass
99
Dicondylia
mandibles with two points of articulation
100
Pterygota
subclass of insects including wings or secondarily lost them
101
Neoptera
possessing wings that can be folded back against the body
102
Halteria
presence of haltere
103
Strepsiptera
twisted wing parasites
104
Paleoptera
possessing wings that cannot be folded against the body (Ephemeroptera and Odonata)
105
Polyneoptera
Made up of orthopteroids which have a very foldable, enlarged hindwing
106
Apterygota
paraphyletic; primitively wingless
107
exopterygota
paraphyletic; external wing development
108
endopterygota
internal wing development (complete metamorphosis)
109
How should organisms be classified?
by natural relationships (presumed by descent)
110
Phylogenetic systematics
grouping by shared derived characters (synapomorphies)
111
Apomorphy
derived character (not primitive)
112
Types of apomorphies
synapomorphy (shared derived character) or autapomorphy (uniquely derived character)
113
Plesiomorphy
ancestral character
114
Symplesiomorphy
possession of a shared ancestral character
115
monophyletic group
group of all taxa descended from a single ancestor (based on synapomorphy)
116
paraphyletic group
group of taxa derived from a single ancestor, but not all (based on symplesiomorphy)
117
polyphyletic group
group derived from multiple ancestral lineages (grouped by convergent characters)
118
taxonomy vs. classification definition
taxonomy is describing/naming/classifying while classification is defining groups and ranking taxa
119
systematics definition
study of diversity/relationships between organisms (taxonomy + classification)
120
function of biological classification
provides an information storage and retrieval system, allows biological predictions
121
homology definition
similar features in multiple taxa which were inherited from a common ancestor
122
homoplasy (nonhomology) definition
a character found in multiple organisms that was not shared by the common ancestor, or one character did not come before the other
123
Remane's 3 criteria for assessing homology
1. similarity of position, 2. special similarity (structure), 3. connection by intermediates (connection to different structures by intermediate forms)
124
Labrum
"upper lip," helps to pull food into mouth
125
Mandible
move side to side to chew, cut, or grind food
126
maxillae
move side to side to handle and sense food
127
Labium
lower lip (the big structure)
128
Parts of Maxillae
129
Parts of Labium
130
Sponging mouthparts
proboscis (modified labium) is pressed onto food, saliva is secreted and food is picked up by capillary action
No piercing, food channel formed by labrum
131
Siphoning mouthparts
proboscis (modified maxillae) is uncoiled, nectar is sucked up
No piercing, food channel formed by maxillae
132
Piercing-sucking mouthparts
mandibles and maxillae are formed into stylets enclosed by labium
133
Piercing-sucking cicada mouthparts
Piercing by maxillae and mandibles, food channel formed by maxillae
134
Piercing-sucking mosquito mouthparts
Piercing by maxillae, mandibles, labrum, and hypopharynx (fascicle); food channel formed by labrum
135
Chewing-lapping mouthparts
mandibles used for cutting and feeding, tongue used for sucking liquid
