Insect Classification Exam 2 Flashcards
(298 cards)
1
Q
Hemipteroid Orders
A
Psocoptera, Pthiraptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera
2
Q
Hemipteroid suborders
A
Psocodea (Psocoptera and Phthiraptera) and Condylognatha (Hemiptera and Thysanoptera)
3
Q
Hemiptera charateristics
A
Piercing-sucking beak, 4 piercing stylets, no palps
4
Q
Hemiptera suborders
A
Sternorrhynca, Auchenorrhynca, and Heteroptera
5
Q
Sternorrhynca
A
Hemipteran suborder: psyllids, scales, whiteflies, and aphids
6
Q
Sternorrhynca characteristics
A
Psyllids, scales, whiteflies, and aphids; beak arises from posterior margin of head/between front coxae, antennae long and filiform, tarsi 1-2 segmented
7
Q
Auchenorrhynca
A
Hemipteran suborder: cicadas, plant/leafhoppers
8
Q
Auchenorrhynca characteristics
A
Cicadas, plant/leafhoppers; beak arises from posterior margin of head, antennae short and bristle-like, tarsi 3 segmented
9
Q
Heteroptera
A
Hemipteran suborder: true bugs
10
Q
Heteroptera characteristics
A
True bugs; beak arises from anterior portion of head, basal portion of front wings thick while apical portion membranous
11
Q
Sternorrhyncha families
A
Psyllidae (psyllids), Aleyrodidae (whiteflies), Aphididae (aphids), Superfamily Coccoidea (scales)
12
Q
Psyllidae characteristics
A
Psyllids; 2-5mm, beak short and 3 segmented, resemble tiny cicadas
13
Q
Aleyrodidae characteristics
A
Whiteflies; 2-3mm, resemble tiny moths, wings covered with waxy powder or dust
14
Q
Aphididae characteristics
A
Aphids; small, softbodied, cornicles present at posterior end of abdomen, found in large groups
15
Q
Coccoidea characteristics
A
Scale; females are usually wingless and legless, males have a single pair of wings and look similar to gnats
16
Q
Cicadidae characteristics
A
large, make species specific sounds from tymbals
17
Q
Membracidae characteristics
A
Tree-hoppers; 10-12mm, pronotum covers head and extends to abdomen
18
Q
Cercopidae characteristics
A
Froghoppers and spittlebugs; under 13mm, hind tibia with 1-2 stout spines laterally and crown of spines at tip
19
Q
Cicadellidae characteristics
A
Leafhoppers; under 13mm, hind tibia with 1+ rows of spines but no crown of spines at tip
20
Q
Delphacidae characteristics
A
Planthopper; small and may have reduced wings, large flattened spur at base of hind tibia
21
Q
Dictyopharidae characteristics
A
Planthoppers; head prolonged into a slender process (usually!)
22
Q
Fulgoridae characteristics
A
Lanternflies; 13mm with wingspan 25mm (largest); reticulated anal area of hind wings with many cross veins
23
Q
Flatidae characteristics
A
Planthoppers; wedge shaped appearance at rest, numerous cross veins at costal area of front wings
24
Q
Issidae characteristics
A
Planthoppers; lacks cross veins in costal areas of front wings
25
Enicocephalidae characteristics
Unique-headed bug/gnat bug; 2-5mm, front wings entirely membranous, predaceous on small insects
26
Nepidae characteristics
Waterscorpions; raptorial forelegs, well developed wings, long caudal breathing tubes formed by cerci
27
Belostomatidae characteristics
Giant water bugs/toe biters; large, males might carry eggs on back
28
Corixidae characteristics
Water boatmen; 1 scoop-shaped tarsal segment, dorsal surface flat with cross stripes
29
Notonectidae characteristics
Backswimmers; keel shaped, predaceous
30
Gelastocoridae characteristics
Toad bugs; toad-like, small eyes
31
Naucoridae characteristics
Creeping water bugs; 9-13mm, front femora greatly thickened with skinnier tibia, bites hurt badly
32
Mesoveliidae characteristics
Water treaders; 5mm or less, antennae 4 semented, beak 3 segmented, ocelli present, tarsi 3 segmented
33
Hydrometridae characteristics
Water measurers/marsh treaders; 8mm, head long and slender, check mouthparts to distinguish from walking sticks!
34
Veliidae characteristics
Broad-shouldered water striders; usually wingless, middle legs equidistant from others, tarsal claw arises before tip
35
Gerridae characteristics
Water striders; middle legs are closest to hind legs, tarsal claw arises before tip
36
Tingidae characteristics
Lace bugs; pronotum has triangular extension over scutellum, antennae and beak 4 segmented, tarsi 1-2 segmented, no ocelli
37
Miridae characteristics
Plant bugs; 4-10mm, oval
38
Anthocoridae characteristics
Minute pirate bugs; 3-5mm, black and white markings, front wing with few/no veins, ocelli present
39
Cimicidae
Bed bugs
40
Reduviidae characteristics
Assassin and Ambush bugs; beak short and usually curved back, 3 segmented beak, antennae 4 segmented, front femora thickened or raptorial front legs
41
Aradidae charateristics
Flat or fungus bugs; 3-11mm, very flat, ocelli absent
42
Lygaeidae characteristics
Seed bugs; 2-18mm, antennae and beak 4 segmented, tarsi 3 segmented
43
Coreidae characteristics
Leaf-footed bugs; 13-40mmm, hind tibia dilated and leaf like, head narrower and shorter than pronotum
44
Scutelleridae characteristics
Shield-backed bugs; 8-10mm, 5 segmented antennae, look beetle like because scutellum covers most of abdomen
45
Pentatomidae characteristics
Stink bugs; 5 segmented antennae, scutellum large and triangular
46
Pentatomidae: stink bugs
47
Scutelleridae: shield bugs
48
Coreidae: leaf-footed bugs
49
Lygaeidae: seed bugs
50
Aradidae: flat or fungus bugs
51
Reduviidae: assassin or ambush bugs
52
Cimicidae: bed bugs
53
Anthocoridae: minute pirate bugs
54
Miridae: plant bugs
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Tingidae: lace bugs
56
Gerridae: water striders
57
Concept of Availability
if the name is available and it is validly published, then it is legitimate
58
Nomen nudum
a name that does not satisfy conditions of availability
59
Valid name
The oldest available name (first published name)
60
Synonyms
Senior synonym: earliest published name
Junior synonym: all subsequent published names (not valid)
61
Synonym vs. Homonym
Synonym is the same name for the same taxa, homonym is the same name for different taxa
62
Type
a specimen or taxon which carries a given name as the "example"
63
Superfamily ending
-oidea
64
Family ending
-idae
65
Subfamily ending
-inae
66
Tribe ending
-ini
67
When to use parentheses after a species name
if the species is moved to a different genus
68
Subspecies
Phenotypically different groups which are different on a taxonomic level
69
Races
local populations which aren't different enough to be designated subspecies
70
Clines
used to describe character gradients across a population (used to describe a single character)
71
Variety
ambiguous term used to describe differences across a population
72
Anagenesis
No branching into a new species (turns into a new species)
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Cladogenesis/speciation
Branching into two new species
74
Biological species concept
Group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
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Faults of biological species concept
Doesn't account for asexual species, indiscriminate use of "reproductive isolation" definition, depends on comparing to other "species" to define parameters
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Phylogenetic species concept
Smallest detected samples of self perpetuating organisms that have unique sets of characters; relies on morphology
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Faults of phylogenetic species concept
Could overestimate species diversity
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Recognition species concept
A species is the most inclusive population of individual, biparental organisms which share a common fertilization system; emphasizes mating adaptations
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Faults of recognition species concept
impossible to apply without knowledge of behavior, excludes uniparental species
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Evolutionary species concept
a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies
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Fault of evolutionary species concept
pretty much impossible to apply
82
Theoretical species concepts
Biological
83
Operational species concepts
Phylogenetic, Recognition (somewhat!)
84
Veliidae: broad-shouldered water striders
85
Hydrometridae: water measurers, marsh treaders
86
Mesoviliidae: water treaders
87
Naucoridae: creeping water bugs
88
Gelastocoridae: toad bugs
89
Notonectidae: backswimmers
90
Corixidae: water boatmen
91
Belastomatidae: giant water bugs
92
Nepidae: Waterscorpions
93
Enicocephalidae: gnat bug
94
Issidae: plant hoppers
95
Flatidae: plant hoppers
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Fulgoridae: lanternflies
97
Dictyopharidae: plant hoppers
98
Delphacidae: plant hoppers
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Cicadellidae: leaf hoppers
100
Cercopidae: frog hoppers and spittlebugs
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Membracidae: tree hoppers
102
Cicadidae: cicadas
103
Superfamily Coccoidea: scale insects
104
Aphididae: aphids and plantlice
105
Aleyrodidae: whieflies
106
Psyllidae: psyllids
107
Important people in the Pre-Linnaean Period
Democritus, Aristotle, Agricola
108
Major advances of the Pre-Linnaean Period
Systematic grouping of organisms and the light microscope
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Democritus
first systematist, distinguished between red-blooded animals and others
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Aristotle
first to create a systematic grouping based on characteristics
111
Agricola
focused on the media bugs are found in: fly, crawl, swim
112
Important people of the Linnaean Period
Little - Linnaeus
Dogs - DeGeer
Scoot - Scopoli
Frantically - Fabricius
Like - Lamarck
Little - Latreille
Lizards - LeConte
Hafta - Haeckel
Scoot - Scudder
113
Major advancements of the Linnaean Period
binomial nomenclature and classification using a hierarchical system
114
Carolus Linnaeus
founder of systematics; first to formulate definite classification groups; made binomial nomenclature; published Systema Naturae
115
Johann Christian Fabricius
defined over 10,000 species based solely on mouthparts
116
John L. LeConte
"Greatest North American taxonomist in entomology" - described over 4700 species
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Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
made first phyla tree
118
Samuel Scudder
most well known American for studying fossil insects
119
Important people of the Modern Period
Dudes - Darwin
Hate - Hennig
Big - Brauer
City - Comstock
Wind - Wheeler et al
120
Major advances of the Modern Period
theory of evolution, Hennigian phylogenetics, computers and molecular genetics
121
Charles Darwin
Published "On the Origin of Species" 1859 and provided the evolution theory
122
Willi Hennig
proposed phylogenetic systematics
123
John Henry Comstock
developed system for wing venation and recognized 25 orders
124
Wheeler et al
recognized 28 orders with Strepsiptera and Diptera as sister in "Halteria"
125
3 things that names need
Uniqueness, universality, and stability
126
Main international commissions of nomenclature
Zoological, botanical, and bacterial
127
Nomen nudum
"Naked name" which does not satisfy conditions of availability
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Principle of Priority
first published available name is the official name
129
Name synonym
2+ names for same taxon
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Name homonym
same name for 2+ taxa (doesn't matter if both are not animals)
131
Holotype
whole specimen or fossil used in original description and designated by the author as the holotype (name carrier)
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Paratype
specimen in type series not designated as holotype (not name carrier)
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Syntype
2+ specimens used in description when no holotype was designated (all are name carriers)
134
Lectotype
always chosen from syntype series; designated by author after original description (same status as holotype)
135
Neotype
part/whole specimen selected by an author as a replacement type after all original type material was lost (name carrier)
136
What is the type for a genus?
A species
137
What is the type for a family?
A genus
138
Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms
habitat, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, gametic
139
Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms
reduced hybrid viability (abortion), reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown (when the second generation is feeble or sterile)
140
What is the meaning of Coleoptera?
Sheathed wing
141
Coleoptera Suborders
Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Polyphaga
142
Cicindelidae characteristics
Tiger beetles: Prominent eyes, pronotum narrower than elytra, filiform antennae, 5-5-5
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Cicindelidae: tiger beetles
144
Carabidae characteristics
Ground beetles: antennae threadlike, inserted between mandibles and eyes; shiny and usually black with striate elytra; head at eyes usually narrower than pronotum
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Carabidae: ground beetles
146
Haliplidae characteristics
Crawling water beetles: small convex ovals, tapering at end; yellow or brown with black spots; very large hind coxae
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Haliplidae: crawling water beetles
148
Dytiscidae characteristics
Predaceous diving beetles: body is smooth, oval, and very hard; hind legs flattened and fringed with long hairs for paddling; chamber under elytra holds air
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Dytiscidae: predaceous diving beetles
150
Gyrinidae characteristics
Whirligig beetles: black oval beetles; strong flatened middle and hind legs; front legs elongate and slender; antennae short and clubbed, with third segment expanded and ear-like; divided compound eye on upper and ventral surface
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Gyrinidae: whirligig beetles
152
Silphidae characteristics
Carrion beetles; usually black or orange and black; clubbed antennae; clubbed antennae; 5 segmented tarsae
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Silphidae: carrion beetles
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Staphylinidae characteristics
Rove beetles: slender and elongate, short elytra with 6 or 7 visible sterna; long sharp mandibes
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Staphylinidae: rove beetles
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Hydrophilidae characteristics
Water scavenger beetles: short, clubbed antennae; long maxillary palps; metasternum prolonged into sharp spine
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Hydrophilidae: water scavenger beetles
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Histeridae characteristics
Hister beetles: elytra cut off square at apex exposing abdominal segments; antennae elbowed and clubbed
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Histeridae: hister beetles
160
Passalidae characteristics
Bessbugs: large and dark colored; antennae not elbowed and 3 segmented open club; pronotum with median longitudinal groove; distinct gap between pronotum and elytra; elytra deeply grooved; 5-5-5
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Passalidae: bess bugs
162
Lucanidae characteristics
Stag beetles: antennae elbowed with club 3 or 4 segmented; segments of club not held tightly together; black or reddish brown; pronotum without median groove; FW usually smooth
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Lucanidae: stag beetles
164
Scarabaeidae characteristics
Very diverse; lamellate antennae that can close tightly; tarsi 5-5-5
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Scarabaeidae
166
Buprestidae characteristics
Metallic wood-boring beetles: first abdominal sternite not divided by hind coxae; antennae usually short and sawtoothed; tarsi 5-5-5
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Buprestidae: metallic wood-boring beetles or jewel beetles
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Elateridae characteristics
Click beetles; corners of thorax form sharp points; elongate backward lobe on prosternum; larvae are wireworms
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Elateridae: click beetles
170
Lycidae characteristics
Net winged beetles: wings reticulate with longitudinal ridges and cross ridges; wings broadest posteriorly; head concealed from above
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Lycidae: net winged beetles
172
Lampyridae characteristics
Fireflies: head generally concealed from above; 5th and 6th abdominal segments luminous
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Lampyridae: fireflies
174
Cantharidae characteristics
Soldier beetles: elongate, soft-bodied; head visible; usually yellow and black
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Cantharidae: soldier beetles
176
Dermestidae characteristics
Dermestid or skin beetles: small and ovalish; head concealed; often have scales or hair; antennae generally with 3 segmented club that fits in grooves on pronotum
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Dermestidae: dermestid or skin beetles
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Bostrichidae characteristics
Branch and twig borers: cylindrical; head mostly concealed by pronotum; pronotum often bearing teeth; antennae with loose 3-4 segmented club; infest wood
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Bostrichidae: branch and twig borers
180
Hypognathous
head mostly concealed by pronotum
181
Nitidulidae characteristics
Sap beetles: antennae abrupt 3-segmented club; abdomen often exposed beyond FW; often marked with yellow or red; shape variable
182
Nitidulidae: sap beetles
183
Cucujidae characteristics
Flat bark beetles: body often greatly flattened; elytra striated; brown, black, or red
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Cucujidae: flat bark beetles
185
Erotlylidae characteristics
Pleasing fungus beetle: usually no pubescence; can be marked with red/orange/yellow; antennae with 3 segmented flattened club
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Erotylidae: pleasing fungus beetle
187
Coccinellidae characteristics
Ladybird beetles: tarsi apparently 3-3-3, actually 4-4-4
188
Coccinellidae
189
Tenebrionidae characteristics
Darkling beetles: highly variable; antennae usually 11 segmented, filiform, moniliform, or slightly clubbed; 5-5-4 tarsi; eyes notched by frontal ridge
190
Tenebrionidae: darkling beetles
191
Meliodae characteristics
Blister beetles: elongate body with pronotum narrower than head and elytra; soft-bodied and leathery; elytra rolled often exposing last abdominal segments; tarsi 5-5-4
192
Meloidae: blister beetles
193
Cerambycidae characteristics
Long-horned beetles: antennae at least half as long as body; eyes notched with antennae base in notch; tarsi apparently 4-4-4
194
Cerambycidae: long-horned beetles
195
Chrysomelidae characteristics
Leaf beetles: often brightly colored; tarsi apparently 4-4-4 but actually 5-5-5; eyes usually not notched
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Chrysomelidae: leaf beetles
197
Curculionidae characteristics
Snout well developed; antennae with a 3 segmented club; body often covered with scales; tarsi apparently 4-4-4 but actually 5-5-5
198
Cucurlionidae: snout beetles
199
Suborder Adephaga identifying characteristics
Notopleural sutures on ventral prothorax; first abdominal segment divided by hind coxae
200
Families in Adephaga
Cicindelidae (tiger beetles), Carabidae (ground beetles), Haliplidae (crawling water beetles), Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles), Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles)
201
Suborders of Diptera
Nematocera and Brachycera
202
Nematocera characteristics
larvae with sclerotized head capsule; antennae with 6+ segments; generally smaller and more delicate
203
Brachycera characteristics
larvae without sclerotized head capsule; antennae with 5- segments; third antennal segment may be subdivided
204
Tipulidae characteristics
Crane flies: very long legs and v-shaped suture on mesonotum; ocelli absent
205
Tipulidae: crane flies
206
Bibionidae characteristics
Love bugs and march flies: stout black bodies; antennae short; thickened C ends near wing tip; tibia with apical spurs; pulvilli present
207
Bibionidae: love bugs and march flies
208
Mycetophilidae characteristics
Fungus gnats: slender long legs; elongate coxae; eyes do not meet above antennae base; ocelli present
209
Mycetophilidae: fungus gnats
210
Psychodidae characteristics
Moth and sand flies: very hairy; moth fly wings broad and pointed apically
211
Psychodidae: moth and sand flies
212
Culicidae characteristics
Mosquitoes: scaled wing veins; proboscis long and obvious
213
Culicidae: mosquitoes
214
Chironomidae characteristics
Midges: mosquito-like but no scales on wings or long proboscis; very long protarsi; wing vein M unbranched
215
Chironomidae: midges
216
Tabanidae characteristics
Deer and horse flies: large, stout bodies; calypters large; R4 and 5 divergent enclosing wing tip; 3rd antennomere elongate
217
Tabanidae: horse and deer flies
218
Stratiomyidae characteristics
Soldier flies: discal cell present in wing; R branches heavy and crowded
219
Stratiomyidae: soldier flies
220
Asilidae characteristics
Robber flies: concave top of head; scary bee flies
221
Asilidae: robber flies
222
Bombyliidae characteristics
Bee flies: stout bodies with dense hair; M1 ends behind wing tip; 3 or 4 posterior cells; discal cell present
223
Bombyliidae: bee flies
224
Dolichopodidae characteristics
Long-legged flies: usually metallic with bright red eyes; r-m crossvein short or absent
225
Dolichopodidae: long-legged flies
226
Syrphidae characteristics
Flower flies: spurious vein present between R and M; R5 cell closed; usually resemble wasps or bees
227
Syrphidae: hover flies
228
Tephritidae characteristics
Fruit flies: small or medium sized; often bright colored with patterned wings; Sc abruptly curved
229
Tephritidae: fruit flies
230
Drosophilidae characteristics
Pomace flies: usually yellowish or brownish; postvertical bristles converge on top of head; oral bristles well developed; Sc incomplete
231
Drosophilidae: pomace flies
232
Ephydridae characteristics
Shore flies: small and black; face somewhat bulging; oral bristles absent; Sc incomplete; postvertical bristles diverging
233
Ephydridae: shore flies
234
Muscidae characteristics
Filth flies: 2A short and not reaching wing margin; undersurface of scutellum without fine hairs; more than one sternopleural bristle; R5 parallel; often 4 black pronotal stripes
235
Muscidae: filth flies
236
Calliphoridae characteristics
Blow flies: often metallic; postscutellum not developed; 2-3 notopleural bristles; arista plumose
237
Calliphoridae: blow flies
238
Sarcophagidae characteristics
Flesh flies: blackish with 3 black thoracic stripes; srista plumose only in basal half; usually 4 notopleural bristles
239
Sarcophagidae: flesh flies
240
Tachinidae characteristics
Hypopleural bristles well developed; R5 cell narrowed or closed distally; arista usually bare and hairy abdomens
241
Tachinidae
242
Strepsiptera
Twisted wing parasites
243
Strepsiptera characteristics
front wings reduced to knob-like structres; hind wings fan-like with few veins; females wingless
244
Strepsiptera
245
Mecoptera
Scorpionflies and hanging flies
246
Mecoptera characteristics
fore/hindwings similar; elongated head; chewing mouthparts and 4 wings
247
Panorpidae characteristics
elongate rostrum; male genitalia large and bulbous like a scorpion tail; most have pattern on wings
248
Panorpidae: scorpionflies
249
Bittacidae characteristics
Hangingflies: resemble crane flies but with 4 wings; long tarsal segments; 5th tarsal segments folded back along 4th; single tarsal claw; hang by front legs and catch small insects with hind legs
250
Bittacidae: hangingflies
251
Siphonaptera
fleas
252
Amphiesmenoptera
Trichoptera and Lepidoptera
253
Amphiesmenoptera synapomorphies
Females are heterogametic (ZX); dense setae on wings; larval mouthparts modified to make silk
254
Psychidae characteristics
Bagworms: mouthparts reduced; typically with two anal veins in hind wings
255
Psychidae: bagworm moths
256
Plutellidae characteristics
ocelli present; proboscis without scales; second segment of labial palps with projecting tuft of scales
257
Plutellidae
258
Sesiidae characteristics
wasp mimics; ocelli present; fore and hind wings zipped together with folds along whole length
259
Sesiidae
260
Cossidae characteristics
medium-sized to large; ocelli and proboscis usually absent; often checkered gray; tympanal organs absent; hindwing with 3 anal veins
261
Cossidae
262
Crambidae characteristics
Scaled proboscis; scale ring present between antenna and eye; tympanum present on first two abdominal sternites; membranous praecinctorium over tympanal organs
263
Crambidae
264
Pyralidae characteristics
scaled proboscis; scale ring frequently absent between antennae and eye; narrow-winged; tympanum present on first two abdominal sternites; praecinctorium absent
265
Pyralidae
266
Limacodidae characteristics
maxillary palps and proboscis reduced or absent; basal section of antennae feathery; ocelli absent; R1 and R2 not stalked; R veins branched beyond discal cell
267
Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, and ants. Chewing-lapping mouthparts and either 0 or 4 wings
268
Symphyta
suborder of Hymenoptera. Broad waist, not petiolate; 3 basal cells in hind wing
269
Apocrita
suborder of Hymenoptera. narrow waist; 2 or less basal cells in hind wing; grub or maggotlike larvae
270
Tenthredinidae
sawflies: filiform antennae; 1 or 2 marginal cells
271
Tenthredinidae
272
Ichneumonidae vs. Brachonidae
Find the horse head shape in front wing; if divided into 3 it's a Braconid. Ichneumonids also have 2 mCu veins going vertically to make a full cell under the horse's head.
273
Evaniidae
Ensign wasps: black or black and red; spider-like; metasoma attached by narrow petiole high above hind coxa
274
Chalcididae
Reduced wing venation; enlarged metafemora with marginal teeth; enlarged metacoxae compared to pro-and mesocoxae (big legged)
275
Chalcididae
276
Chrysididae
Cuckoo wasps: metallic blue or green; abdomen ventrally concave with 4 or fewer segments; body has dimples; hind wing without closed cells and with unique lobe
277
Chrysididae: cuckoo wasps
278
Tegula
small plate found on first pair of wings
279
Sphecidae
Thread-waisted wasps: collar-like pronotum; pronotal lobe not reaching tegula; includes mud daubers
280
Sphecidae: thread waisted wasps
281
Halictidae
sweat bees: often metallic; 3 submarginal cells; one subantennal suture (comes down from antenna to eyes)
282
Halictidae: sweat bees
283
Megachilidae
Leaf-cutting bees: collect pollen below body instead of hindlegs; dense setae on underside
284
Megachilidae: leaf cutting bees
285
Apidae
Bumble and honey bees: collect pollen on legs with corbiculae
286
Apidae
287
Tiphiidae
long and slender; yellow and black; gap between pro-and mesocoxae; coxae not equidistant
288
Tiphiidae
289
Scoliidae
large and hairy; black with yellow legs (often); coxae equidistant; wrinkled "wavy" wings
290
Scoliidae
291
Mutillidae
Velvet ants: brightly colored and pubescent; extremely ant-like
292
Mutillidae
293
Formicidae
Ants: have a petiole with 1 or 2 nodes; elbowed antennae
294
Formicidae
295
Vespidae
V or U shaped pronotum that reaches tegula; most will fold wings lengthwise twice
296
Pompilidae
Spider wasps: distinctly elongate procoxae; transverse suture across mesopleuron
297
Pompilidae
298
