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Dog Training > Instruction Set 3 - Conditioning Module > Flashcards

Instruction Set 3 - Conditioning Module Flashcards

1
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning. In our example, food is the unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

What is unconditioned response?

A

the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus. In our example, salivation is the unconditioned response.

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3
Q

What is conditioned response?

A

a learned response. In the experiment, salivating when only the bell was rung is the conditioned response.

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4
Q

what is conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that causes a conditioned response. In our example, the ringing of the bell without the giving of food is the conditioned stimulus.

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5
Q

What is pairing?

A

the presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.

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6
Q

What’s meant by law of effect?

A

Instrumental behavior is differentionally strengthened or weakened by the consequences it produces.

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7
Q

Name four ways in which instrumental behavior can be strengthened or weakened.

A

Reward training, omission training, escape/avoidance training, and punishment training.

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8
Q

Explain the function of punishment.

A

Punishment is used to decrease the future probability of the behavior it follows.

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9
Q

Briefly explain the Premack principle.

A

The Premack principle suggests that the opportunity to perform some activities can be used to reinforce other behavior. Whether an activity will be reinforcing or punishing to the dog depends on its changing motivational state.

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10
Q

Explain the function of discriminative stimuli.

A

Discriminative stimuli signal to the dog that a particular contingency is in effect.

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11
Q

Identify two types of commands

A

Prepatory Commands
Commands of execution

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12
Q

What function is served by reprimands?

A

Reprimands serve to compel the dog perform under adverse motivational conditions.

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13
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

A conditioned or secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that takes the place of immediate primary reinforcement.

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14
Q

Define backwards conditioning

A

Conditioning that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus, in effect announcing that the unconditioned stimulus has occurred.

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15
Q

What are learning theorists

A

Scientists who faciltate labratory learning experiments

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16
Q

What is learning theory?

A

Information gathered on how living organisms adjust to their environment, and includes laws that govern the ways organisms changes its behaviors as a result of an experience

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17
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior based on environmental experiences

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18
Q

What is anthropomorphism

A

Giving human characteristics to an animal

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19
Q

What is a variable?

A

Any factor that changes

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20
Q

What is a dependent variable in terms of learning

A

This variable depends on another variable

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21
Q

What is an independent variable in terms of learnig

A

Something that is introduces by the researcher to see what effect it has on the dependent variable

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22
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An event that strenghtens of increases the proability of a response.

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23
Q

What is an intervening variable?

A

Something you can’t see but can presume is there

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24
Q

Briefly describe how learning and behavior are experimentally studied

A

A researcher selects a behavior to study (the dependent variable) and then introduces a factor (the independent variable) to see what effect it will have on the dependent variable. During the entire experiment, the researcher attempts to control all other relevant variables.

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25
What is Response latency
The time it takes for a dog to respond
26
What is habituation?
Gradular adaptation of a response to a stimulus or environment
27
What age is best for socialization?
3-16 weeks
28
Repercussions of poor socialization
- Become emotionally weak adults; - Become unable to form relationships with other dogs as they age; - Lack appropriate social behavior; and - Become fearful of new situations/stimuli;
29
How can habituation be used to control fear is dogs?
By exposing the dog to small amounts of the negative stimulus
30
What is the "sensitive period" in a dogs life?
puppies early life when they are highly receptive to the process of socialization
31
a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning.
Unconditioned stimulus
32
the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned response
33
a learned response is also known as what
Conditioned response
34
a stimulus that causes a conditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus
35
presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.
Pairing
36
What is operant conditioning?
Interested in discovering how consequences affect now reflextive behavior
37
Describe Pavlov's experiment and its result.
Pavlov used a neutral stimulus (a bell) and paired it with the giving of food to a dog. Eventually, the dog learned to salivate when the bell was rung even if it didn't receive any food.
38
What's the basic difference between classical and operant conditioning
Basically, classical conditioning has to do with pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, certain behavior is made more likely to occur through reinforcement (reward)
39
Explain Thorndike's law of effect
If you reward a certain behavior with something pleasant, the behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future. If you follow a behavior by giving the subject something unpleasant, the behavior is less likely to be repeated.
40
What is motor learning?
acquiring the skills necessary to perform certain physical activities
41
what is Expectancy
Expectant behavior refers to the actions of an organism that clearly indicate it’s expecting a particular thing to occur.
42
What is latent learning
storing information to use at a later date
43
Who preformed numerous experiments to see if animals can use insight?
Wolfgang Kohler
44
What learning occurs even in the absence of reinforcements
Latent learning
45
When does social learning occur?
When dogs interact with other people and dogs
46
What is observational learning?
When a dog learns something from watching another dog
47
What are allelominmetic tendecies?
group coordinated behaviors depending on the innate tendency to follow the actions of others.
48
What is social facilitation?
The effect one dog has on the behavior of another
49
What is local enhancement?
Combines allelominmetic tendencies and social facilitation when dogs see something they would benefit from that they would not have otherwise seen
50
Why is it more advantageous for a dog to learn through observation than by doing?
less risk and less energy used
51
another term for classical conditioning
respondent conditioning
52
What are the types of conditioning?
Trace Conditioning Delay conditioning Temporal conditioning Simultaneous conditoning Backwards conditioning
53
Describe trace conditioning
The conditioned stimulus, such as “good,” is presented just before presenting the unconditioned stimulus (food or petting).
54
Describle delay conditioning
The conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented shortly before unconditioned stimulus (praise) and then briefly overlaps the unconditioned stimulus before both are discontinued.
55
What is temporal conditioning?
a conditioned stimulus (“good”) occurs at regular intervals.
56
Describe simultaneous conditioning
occurs when both the conditioned stimulus (“good”) and unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) are presented at the same time.
57
describe backward conditioning
occurs when the conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) is presented.
58
What is Generalization?
When it is difficult for a dog to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and stimuli that resembles it
59
What is the process of discrimination when it comes to learning
teaching dogs the difference between closely related signals by reinforcing only the desired simuli and giving other wrong options.
60
What is Sensory Preconditioning
Pairing two stimuli (click and good) together, and then pairing one of those stimuli to an unconditioned stimuli such as food. This will often make both stimuli react the same.
61
What can happen when presenting multiple stimuli
Blocking or overshadowing
62
What is blocking?
Two stimuli have equal salience but one stimulus is already conditioned to another conditioned response.
63
What is overshadowing?
When one stimuli is more appealing than the other
64
Briefly describe a simple Pavlovian experiment
A bell is sounded just before the dog is given a small amount of food. After several trials the bell alone will elicit salivation.
65
What is an unconditioned reflex
An unconditioned reflex consists of an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response.
66
Explain what occurs during classical conditioning
During classical conditioning, an unconditioned response is brought under the control of a previously neutral stimulus.
67
What classical conditioning phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without its corresponding unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
68
Explain latent inhibition
Latent inhibition occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented without reinforcement.
69
Briefly explain how systematic desensitization occurs
The dog is gradually exposed to fear-eliciting stimulation while simultaneously experiencing emotional states that are incompatible with fear
70
What is instrumental conditioning?
using motivation to maximize desireable outcomes while avoiding undersireable ones.
71
What is another term for reward training
positive reinforcement
72
What is positive reinforcement
Rewarding desirable behaviors with something the dog sees value in
73
What is omission training/negative punishment?
withdrawal of previously given rewards which results in the extinction of a behavior
74
What is another term of omission training?
negative punishment
75
What is escape/avoidant training?
when a response that removes or prevents an aversive (pain or fear-eliciting) stimulus is strengthened
76
What is another term for negative reinforcement
escape of avoidant training
77
What is punishment training
using adverse techniques to supress undersireable behaviors
78
what is another term for punishment training
Positive punishment
79
What is reinforcement?
occurs when a behavior is strengthened
80
what is positive reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by producing a desirable consequence
81
what is Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the termination, reduction, or avoidance of an undesirable consequence
82
presentation of an aversive consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment
positive punishment
83
the loss of a rewarding consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment
negative punishment
84
what is the goal of negative reinforcement
improve the reliability of an avoidance response
85
The Premack Principle
The Premack principle emphasizes that reward is relative and highly dependent on the dog’s changing motivational state. Rewards can be whatever is of high value to your dog at the time.
86
What is a correction
Used to compel a dog to do something that it refuses to do or to stop it from doing something it wants to do
87
Two types of corrections commonly used
Demonstrative corrections Restrictive Corrections
88
what is a demonstrative correction?
compel a dog to perform on occasion when it refuses to obey a command which leads to avoidance
89
what is a Restrictive Correction
Constrains the dog from doing something it wants to do but is not allowed; (pulling on a leash)and Reinforces another alternative behavior (walking on a leash properly)
90
Describle discriminative stimulus
announces an opportunity to the dog to get a conditioned stimuli
91
what are the two types of general commands
Preparatory Commands Commands of execution
92
What is a prepatory command
tells the dog to pay attention, most commonly the dogs name
93
what is a command of execution
using a command
94
what are the Two types of Reprimands
Imperative Instructive
95
What is an imperative Reprimand
vocal restrictive corrections like no, enough, stop
96
What is an instructive Reprimand
acting as a command like off, quiet, and leave it.
97
what is a secondary, or conditioned reinforcer used for?
to conditionally reinforce the target behavior in the absence of the primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer
98
what are the most common bridge signals?
vocal
99
What is successive appoximation
teaching a dog a task by rewarding at individual milestoles
100
What is chaining?
Adding multiple commands in a sequence where oneconditioned reinforcer is good and there is no need for a primary reinforcer each command
101
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous Intermittend
102
What is continuous reinforcement schedule
giving a reinforcement after every successful behavior
103
What is intermittent reinforcement schedule
only giving a primary reinforcment occassionlly
104

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