Instrumentation Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Calibration is done every
A
3 months/quarterly
2
Q
Disinfect centrifuge on a
A
Weekly basis
3
Q
Check speed of centrifuge using
A
Tachometer/Strobe light
4
Q
Which of the following measures speed
A
Timer
Strobe light
Tachometer
5
Q
Minemeasure nito yung concentration ng isang substance sa solution by measuring the absorbed light pagkatapos malagyan ng treatment
A
Spectrophotometer
6
Q
Theory of Light Waves
A
Electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength
Amplitude
Visible light
7
Q
Photons travelling in waves
A
Electromagnetic radiation
8
Q
Distance between two peaks
A
Wavelength
9
Q
Distance between peak and trough
A
Amplitude
10
Q
Visible light falls in between ____ - ____
A
400-700nm
11
Q
Beer’s Law states na yung concentration of a substance is ____ sa amount of light na naabsorb or yung concentration ng substance is ______ sa logarithm of transmitted light
A
Directly
Inversely
12
Q
Components of a Spectrophotometer
A
- Light Source
- Monochromators
- Sample Cell
- Photodetectors
13
Q
Isolate the desired wavelength
A
Monochromator
14
Q
Light Source
A
1) Incandescent tungsten
2) Deuterium-discharge lamp & Mercury
15
Q
Most common source of light for work in the visible and near-infrared regions
A
Incandescent tungsten
16
Q
Most commonly used for UV work
A
Deuterium discharge lamp
17
Q
Monochromators
A
Prism
Diffraction grating
Interference filter
Colored-glass filters
18
Q
Most commonly used monochromator
A
Diffraction grating
19
Q
Sample cell
A
Round
Square
Glass
Quartz
20
Q
Less error from the lens effect, orientation in the Spectrophotometer and refraction
A
Square
21
Q
Used for applications in the visible range
A
Glass
22
Q
For applications requiring UV radiation
A
Quartz
23
Q
Photodetectors
A
Barrier-layer/photocell
Phototube
Photomultiplier
Photoiodide
24
Q
Least expensive photodetector
A
Barrier-layer
25
Used in instruments designed to be extremely sensitive to very low light levels and light flashes of very short duration
Photomultiplier
26
Parameters routinely monitored in spectrophotometry
Wavelength/photometric accuracy
Absorbance check
Linearity
Stray Light
27
Implies that a photometer is measuring at the wavelength that it is set to.
Wavelength or photometric accuracy
28
Photometric accuracy can be assessed easily using special glass-typr optical filters. Two examples are:
Didymium
Holmium oxide
29
Didymium glass has a broad absorption peak around
600nm
30
Holmium oxide has multiple absorption peaks with a sharp peak at
360nm
31
Performed using glass filters or solutions that have a known absorbance values for a specific wavelength
Absorbance check
32
The ability of a photometric system to yield a linear relationship between the radiant power incident upon its detector and the concentration
Linearity
33
The linearity of a spectrometer can be determined using _____ or _____ that have known substances values for a given wavelength
Optical filters or solutions
34
Any light that impinges upon the detector that does not originate from a polychromatic light source.
Stray light
35
Stray light can be evaluated by using ______
Special cutoff filters
36
Meaures the quantity of light reflected by a liquid sample that has been dispensed onto a grainy or fibrous solid support
Reflectometry
37
Application of reflectometer
Urine dipstick analysis
Dry slide chemical analysis
38
Measurement of concentration is done by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic by atoms rather than molecules
AAS
39
Usual light source of AAS
Hollow-cathode lamp
40
This breaks chamical bonds and form free unexcited atoms that serves as sample cells (instead of a cuvet)
Flame
41
Used to isolate the desired wavelength
Monochromator
42
Protects photodetector from excessive light emanating from flame emissions
Monochromator (AAS)
43
Components of AAS
Hollow-cathode lamp
Flame
Monochromator
44
T/F: AAS is the measurement of excited trace metals
F: it should be unexcited
45
Reference method for Calcium and Magnesium
AAS
46
Measurement of light emitted by excited atoms
Flame photometry
47
Widely used before to determine the concentration of Na, K, or Li
Flame photometry
48
Lithium
Red
49
Sodium
Yellow
50
Magnesium
Blue
51
Rubidium
Red
52
Potassium
Violet
53
90° setup
Fluorometry
54
A= abc
What is "a" in here?
Molar absorbdity
55
A = abc
What is the "b" in here?
Path length/dm of the cuvette
56
Measurement of the concentration of solutions that contains fluorescing molecules
Fluorometry
57
Most common light source of fluorometry
Xenon lamp
58
Used to measure drugs
Fluorometry
59
Used to measure small particles
Fluorometry
60
Chemical energy generated in a chemiluminescent reaction produces EXCITED intermediates that decay to a ground state with the emission of photons
Chemiluminescence
61
No excitation is required
Chemiluminescence
62
Excitation is required
Fluorometry
63
The amount of light blocked by a suspension of particles depends not only on concentration but also in size
Turbidimetry
64
Coag studies
Turbidimetry
65
Antibiotic sensitivity
Turbidimetry
66
Burner head is found in
AAS
67
Burner head contains what to break chemical bonds then converted to atoms
Clay-fire
68
Light scattered ng small particles measured at an anglr to the beam incident to the cuvet
Nephelometry
69
Nephelometer measure particles which are _____ for spectrometry such as Ag-Ab complexes formed by enzyme immunoassay
Too large
70
Involves measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions.
Electrochemistry
71
Analytic techniques include in electrochemistry
1) Potentiometry
2) Amperometry
3) Coulometry
4) Voltammetry
72
Measurement of potential voltage between 2 electrodes in a sol'n to measure analyte concentration, electrolytes
Potentiometry
73
Measurement of the CURRENT FLOW produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction
Amperometry
74
Electrochemical titration in which the titrant is electrochemically generated
Coulometry
75
Potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the resulting current is measured
Voltammetry
76
Applications of potentiometry
pH, pCO2, Na, Ca, K, NH4
77
Applications of Amperometry
pO2, glucose, peroxidase
78
What technique of electrochemistry uses CHO
Amperometry (e.g. glucose, peroxidase 😊)
79
Anodic stripping voltametery
For lead and iron
80
Acid base technique of electrochemistry
Potentiometry, Amperometry (kung pwede)
81
Separation of charged compounds based on their electrical charge
Electrophoresis
82
Components of electrophoresis
Driving force
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system
83
Support medium of electrophoresis
Filter paper
Agarose
Cellulose acetate
Polyacrylamide
84
Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support
Electroendosmosis
85
Most common and reliable way for quantitation of separated protein fractions
Densitometry
86
Most commonly used detecting system
Densitometry
87
Separation of complex mixtures on the basis of different physical attractions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system
Chromatography
88
Components of Chromatography
1) Mobile phase (gas or liquid)
2) Stationary phase (solid or liquid)
3) Column
4) Eluate
89
Component of Chromatography that separate compounds
Eluate
90
Component of Chromatography that holds the stationary phase
Column
91
Component of Chromatography that is a substance through which the mobile phase flows
Stationary phase (solid or liquid)
92
Component of Chromatography that carries the complex mixture
Mobile phase (gas or liquid)
93
Uses pressure for faster separations
HPLC
94
Separate mixtures of compounds that are volatile
Gas chromatography
95
Chromatographic procedures
Thin-layer chromatography
HPLC
Gas chromatography
96
Sample is first VOLATIZED and then IONIZED to form charged molecular ions and fragments that are separated according to their **mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio**
Mass spectrometry
97
MALDI-TOF MS
Matrix-associated laser desorption ionization time-of-flight
98
A two step procedure chemistry analysis
MADI and TOF
99
A ______ of the MALDI-TOF irradiates the sample causing desorption and ionization of both the matrix and the sample
Laser pulse
100
Used for the analysis of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins
MALDI-TOF
101
The molecular weight of the proteins acquired by mass spectrometry is used to determine the identity of the sample and is helpful in determining _______ that may have occurred in MALDI-TOF
Posttransational modifications
