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Instrumentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a research instrument?

A

It serves as a measurement tool and is an integral component of any nursing research study.

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2
Q

What qualities must a research instrument possess?

A

It must be reliable, consistent, and valid.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of research instruments?

A

To collect needed data or information and facilitate observations and measurement of research variables.

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4
Q

What is the first guideline for developing research instruments?

A

The instrument must suit the purpose of the study.

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5
Q

What should indicators in a research instrument be?

A

Valid, arranged logically, and relate to the problems and hypotheses of the study.

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6
Q

What is the significance of minimizing cheating in research instruments?

A

The instrument should be constructed in such a way that cheating is minimized.

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7
Q

What type of data collection method is a questionnaire?

A

A self-directing instrument structured with questions for respondents to react.

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8
Q

What is scanning questionnaires?

A

Method of data collection used with questionnaires administered in face-to-face interviews or mall surveys.

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9
Q

What defines a structured interview?

A

Interviewer is guided with a prepared set of questions.

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10
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

Interviewer asks random questions to gather holistic information.

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11
Q

Name two types of interviews.

A
  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
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12
Q

What are the types of research instruments?

A
  • Questionnaire
  • Interview
  • Scales
  • Self-reports
  • Anecdotal Records
  • Mechanical Instruments
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13
Q

What is a Likert scale?

A

A social-psychological scale used to measure attitudes by asking respondents to indicate their level of agreement.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of self-reports in research?

A

To measure where a person reports their own behavior or mental contents.

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15
Q

What should research questions avoid?

A

Ambiguous questions and double negative questions.

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16
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data collected directly for the specific purpose of the research.

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17
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data that was collected for another purpose, such as patient medical records.

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18
Q

What are the steps in data collection?

A
  • Explain
  • Clarify
  • Administer
  • Describe
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19
Q

What is the Delphi technique?

A

A method using a series of questionnaires to gather consensus opinions from a group of experts.

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20
Q

What is measurement in research?

A

A procedure for assigning numerical values to variables according to rules.

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21
Q

What are the levels of measurement?

A
  • Quantitative Measurement
  • Qualitative Measurement
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22
Q

What is nominal measurement?

A

Classification of variables into categories that cannot be ranked.

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23
Q

What is ordinal measurement?

A

Used to show relative rankings of variables or events.

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24
Q

What does the Likert scale measure?

A

The degree to which respondents agree or disagree with statements.

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25
What is the purpose of using observers in research?
To gather data through actual observation and recording of events.
26
What is a participant observer?
An observer who actively engages in the environment being studied.
27
What are structured observations?
Observations made with prior knowledge of the phenomenon of interest.
28
What are unstructured observations?
Observations made without preconceived ideas of what will be seen.
29
What is an Ordinal Scale?
A scale designating a selective value from a 'great deal of pain' to 'very little pain'.
30
What is a Likert Scale?
A method where respondents indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree with ideas expressed by the indicator.
31
What does the Graphic Rating Scale assess?
It asks respondents to respond in a bipolar continuum such as from 'highest' to 'lowest'.
32
Define Guttman Scale.
A scale used to assess attitudes using cumulative statements.
33
What is the purpose of the Semantic Differential Scale?
To measure the meaning of concepts to determine the emotional-evaluative components of a respondent's attitude.
34
What is Interval Measurement?
Shows rankings of variables on a scale with equal intervals between numbers.
35
What is Ratio Measurement?
Shows ranking of variables on scales with equal intervals and absolute zeros.
36
What does Measurability or Reliability refer to?
Consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute.
37
What is Stability Measurement?
The extent to which scores are consistent when the same instrument is used on separate occasions.
38
Define Internal Consistency.
The instrument shows that all indicators measure the same attributes of variables.
39
What does Equivalence in measurement indicate?
High consistency or agreement in the observation's ratings by different observers.
40
What is the Split-Half Technique?
A method used to determine homogeneity of items in instruments by correlating two halves.
41
What is Cronbach's Alpha?
A technique that estimates the split-half correlation of a measure.
42
What does Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) Coefficient measure?
Homogeneity in instrument response using dichotomous formats.
43
What is Content Validity?
Concerned with the adequacy of the content area being measured.
44
Example of Content Validity.
A mathematics teacher's test must cover every form of algebra taught.
45
Define Face Validity.
Measures the concept or variables desired by the researcher, based on surface suitability.
46
What is Criterion-related Validity?
The degree to which scores on an instrument correlate with some external criterion.
47
What is Construct Validity?
The process of reducing concept abstraction into a more concrete criterion-related validation.
48
What does Sensitivity in measurement refer to?
The ability of an instrument to correctly identify variables to be manipulated.
49
Define Specificity in measurement.
The ability of an instrument to correctly identify non-cases or extraneous variables.
50
What is Statistics?
A branch of Mathematics used to summarize, organize, present, analyze, and interpret numerical data.
51
What are Descriptive Statistics?
Intended to organize and summarize numerical data from a population sample.
52
What are Inferential Statistics?
Concerned with population and the use of sample data to predict future occurrences.
53
What is Type I Error?
Occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is not true.
54
What is Type II Error?
Occurs when the null hypothesis is regarded as true, but it is in fact false.
55
What is Power Analysis?
The way to control Type II error and determine the probability of detecting significant differences.
56
What does Degree of Freedom refer to?
The number of values that are free to vary in a statistical test.
57
Define Frequency Distribution.
A method to organize research data into grouped or ungrouped frequency distributions.
58
What is Percentage Distribution?
Shows the percentage of subjects in a sample whose scores fall into a specific group.
59
How is Percentage (P) computed?
To determine the proportion of a part of a whole relative to the entire population.
60
What is Ranking in statistical analysis?
Determining the order of variables by decreasing or increasing magnitude.
61
What does Weighted Mean refer to?
The overall average of responses based on their frequency in a Likert scale.
62
What is the formula for Arithmetic Mean?
X = ∑(wm) / N.
63
Define Median.
The central position in a data set.
64
What is Mode?
The score which has the most number of observations or responses.
65
What is Range in statistics?
The simplest measure of dispersion, subtracting the lowest score from the highest score.
66
Define Standard Deviation.
Measures the homogeneity or degree of dispersion of given variables.
67
What is the simplest measure of dispersion?
The simplest measure of dispersion is obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. ## Footnote This is often referred to as the range.
68
What does Standard Deviation determine?
Standard Deviation determines the homogeneity or sameness of degree or dimension of given variables. ## Footnote It also reflects the degree of dispersal of variance of a variable.
69
Fill in the blank: The simplest measure of dispersion is obtained by subtracting the ______ from the highest score.
lowest score
70
True or False: Standard Deviation measures the degree of similarity among different variables.
True
71
What are the two key aspects that Standard Deviation reflects?
Standard Deviation reflects: * Homogeneity or sameness of degree * Degree of dispersal of variance

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