Integration

Question 1

Interrelationships Of Carbohydrate with Lipid Metabolism

Pyruvate end product of Glycolysis is _____________ to Acetyl-coA

Acetyl-coA is then utilized via _______

Acetyl-coA of Glucose when excess is diverted and used for biosynthesis of ______ and ____

Answer 1

oxidatively decarboxylated

TCA cycle

Fatty acids and Cholesterol.

Question 2

Interrelationships Of Carbohydrate with Lipid Metabolism

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate an intermediate of _____ of Glucose , is a source for _____ production which when obtained from Glucose is utilized during Lipogenesis ,for biosynthesis of _______ and _______ biosynthesis.

Answer 2

Glycolysis

Glycerol

Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid

Question 3

Efflux of TCA Intermediates

• Citrate –____ Biosynthesis of _____
• OAA is reversibly transaminated to _____
• α Ketoglutarate reversibly transaminated to _____.
• Succinyl CoA is effluxed for ___ biosynthesis and _____.

Answer 3

Denovo

Fatty acids.

Aspartate

Glutamate

Ketolysis

Question 4

Influx of TCA Cycle Intermediates

•αKetoglutarate is added by ________ by it’s ________ activity.

• Succinyl -CoA is obtained from ______ which is a source from B-oxidation of odd chain fatty acid
• Catabolism of ____,____,___ amino acids forms Succinyl-CoA.

Answer 4

Glutamate

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Propionyl-CoA

Valine, Isoleucine & Methionine (VIM)

Question 5

Fumarate is influxed through _____ and _____ metabolism

Fumarate also through ___ cycle by ____ activity.

Answer 5

Phenylalanine & Tyrosine

Urea

Argininosuccinase

Question 6

Fat burns under the Flame of Carbohydrates

•1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Answer 6

For complete oxidation of Fatty acids

their needs presence of sufficient amount of cellular Glucose.

In a well fed conditions, The major source of OAA is Glucose. And Oxaloacetate is an essential initiating metabolite for the TCA cycle.

OAA serve as a flame for oxidation of Acetyl CoA via TCA cycle.

Cellular deprivation of Glucose leads to incomplete oxidation of Fatty acids.

Accumulates Acetyl-CoA in Mitochondrial matrix.Impermeable Acetyl-CoA is then transformed to permeable ketone bodies via ketogenesis.

Question 7

Interrelationship Of Carbohydrates
And Protein Metabolism

Intermediates of Carbohydrate metabolism can be a source of Carbon skeleton for biosynthesis of non Essential amino acids.

●Pyruvate to ____
●OAA to ____
●αKetoglutarate to ______

Answer 7

Alanine

Aspartate

Glutamate

Question 8

β-oxidation of Fatty acid and it’s Interrelationship

The reduced coenzymes FADH2 & NADH+H+ generated during it’s pathway are Integrated with ______________ to generate ATP.

Answer 8

ETC /oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

Acetyl-CoA formed as an end product of β oxidation of fatty acids Is integrated with ______ for it’s complete oxidation.

Answer 9

TCA cycle

Question 10

Fatty acids can be converted to Glucose

T/F

With reason

Answer 10

F

Fatty acids
cannot be converted to Glucose

Acetyl-CoA obtained from Beta-oxidation of fatty acids cannot be reversibly converted to Pyruvate
•Since PDH complex is irreversible in action.
•Thus there is no net conversion of Fatty acids (Fat) to Glucose (Carbohydrates).

Question 11

Propionyl-CoA, end product of β oxidation of odd chain fatty acid Serve as a source for Glucose production

T/F

With reason

Answer 11

T

after conversion into Succinyl-CoA (intermediate of TCA cycle)

Question 12

Fatty acids are a source for Amino acids Biosynthesis in human body .

T/F

Answer 12

F

Fatty acids are also not a source for Amino acids Biosynthesis in human body .

Question 13

Glucose is alternatively oxidized through HMP shunt to generate:

– _________ H+ (reducing equivalents)

• __________

Answer 13

NADPH+

Ribose-5- phosphate

Question 14

NADPH+H+ from HMP shunt are integrated to:

• Biosynthesis of ______
• Biosynthesis of ______
• ____ metabolism

Answer 14

Fatty acids

Cholesterol

Drug

Question 15

The Ribose-5-phosphate (pentose sugar) of HMP shunt is integrated for
•Biosynthesis of ______ and _____

Answer 15

Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides.

Question 16

Amino acids are interrelated for
Purine and Pyrimidine biosynthesis

___,___,_____ for Purine Biosynthesis
•____,______ for Pyrimidine Synthesis

Answer 16

Gly , Asp, Gln

Asp and Gln

Question 17

Amino acids are Source
For Glucose In Human Body

T/F

Answer 17

T

Question 18

_______ type of amino acids are source for production of Glucose via ________.

Answer 18

Glucogenic

Gluconeogenesis

Question 19

100 gm of Proteins can produce approx ___ gm of Glucose in human body.

Answer 19

60

Question 20

Amino acid Glycine is connected to Heme biosynthesis.

T/F

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Glycerol released during lipolysis of TAG is integrated With ______ to produce ____.

Answer 21

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose

Question 22

Interrelationships of Uronic acid pathway

Glucuronic acid of Uronic acid pathway is integrated with ______ reactions of _____ process.

Answer 22

Phase II conjugation

detoxification

Question 23

Glucuronic acid is involved in _____ and other drug metabolism.

Answer 23

Bilirubin

Question 24

Glucuronic acid is involved in __________ biosynthesis.

Answer 24

Mucopolysaccharide

Question 25

Low and high levels of ATP _____ and _____ respectively the regulatory enzymes of Glycolysis and TCA.

Answer 25

stimulate and inhibit

Question 26

Increased levels of Citrate (stimulates or inhibits ?) enzyme Acetyl CoA Carboxylase of De Novo biosynthesis of Fatty acid.

Answer 26

stimulates

Question 27

Increased Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase is Allosteric (stimulator or inhibitor ?) of PFK of Glycolysis •Allosteric (stimulator or inhibitor?) of Fru1,6Bis Phosphatase of Gluconeogenesis.

Answer 27

Stimulator Inhibitor

Question 28

Enzymes are regulated by: • ______ Regulation •_______ Modifications

Answer 28

Allosteric Covalent

Question 29

Phosphoenolpyruvate forms 3 amino acids List them

Answer 29

Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

Question 30

Ribose5phosphate forms 1 amino acid List it

Answer 30

Histidine

Question 31

Pyruvate forms 3 amino acids List them

Answer 31

Alanine Valine Leucine

Question 32

Alphaketoglutamate forms 3 amino acids List them

Answer 32

Glutamine Arginine Proline

Question 33

3phosphoglycerate forms ______ that can form ___ and ____

Answer 33

Serine Glycine; cysteine

Question 34

Oxaloacetate forms ____ that forms _____,____,_____,____

Answer 34

Aspartate Methionine, asparagine, threonine,lysine, isoleucine

Question 35

* In a well fed condition Liver stores excess free Glucose as ______. * In emergency condition , In Liver , Glycogen is degraded via ______ and biosynthesizes ___ via _____.

Answer 35

Glycogen Glycogenolysis Glucose Gluconeogenesis

Question 36

Liver biosynthesizes endogenous Lipids and mobilize out it as _____ for extra hepatic use.

Answer 36

VLDL

Question 37

Muscles * In a normal metabolic state muscle uses ___ and ____ as main sources of energy. * In a well fed state muscles has large stores of ______ (3/4th)

Answer 37

Glucose and Fatty acids Glycogen

Question 38

In contracting muscles, during severe exercise in anaerobic condition Glycolysis ends as ______ which is later metabolized by converting it into ____ after carried through blood in Liver via Gluconeogenesis(___ cycle).

Answer 38

Lactate Glucose Cori

Question 39

In resting Muscle ,_____ are the major source of energy So that spare Glucose is used by _____ and ____

Answer 39

fatty acids Brain and Erythrocytes.

Question 40

inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis is known as _________

Answer 40

Pasteur effect.

Question 41

Adipose Tissue •____ is the major fuel for this tissue.

Answer 41

TAG

Question 42

Metabolic Profile of Adipose Tissue •Needs ____ for biosynthesis of TAG

Answer 42

Glucose

Question 43

Hormone sensitive Lipase is activated when _________ ratio is low

Answer 43

Insulin/Glucagon

Question 44

Brain •_______ is the main fuel of Brain (____ gm/day)

Answer 44

Glucose 120

Question 45

Fatty acids cannot be utilized by brain T/F With reason

Answer 45

T as they are bound to Albumin and cannot cross blood brain barrier.

Question 46

______% of bodies utilization of Glucose is by Brain. In starvation ->________ can replace Glucose in the brain

Answer 46

60-70 Ketone bodies

Question 47

Erythrocytes * Erythrocytes uses obligatorily ____ for its activity. * It lacks ____ hence the Glycolysis ends in ____.

Answer 47

Glucose Mitochondria Lactate

Question 48

Metabolic Profile of Kidney ●During Starvation -> Important site of ______ (___ of blood ____)

Answer 48

Gluconeogenesis 1/2 Glucose

Question 49

GLUCOGENIC amino acids - can become _____ or a 4C or 5C intermediate of the TCA cycle - precursors for ______ - can be used to produce energy, glycogen or even fatty acid KETOGENIC - can become _____ or _____ - not precursors for _______ - can be used to produce ____, ketone bodies, and energy

Answer 49

Pyruvate gluconeogenesis acetyl coA or acetoacetate gluconeogenesis fatty acid

Question 50

Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids can be used to produce fatty acid T/F

Answer 50

T

Question 51

Glucogenic amino acids PYRUVATE(_C) ___________________________ OXALOACETATE (_C) _______________ ``` Succinyl coA(_C) __________________________ ``` Alpha keto glutarate(__C) ________________________

Answer 51

3; gacst -glycine, alanine, cysteine, serine, threonine 4; Asparaboth🖤 4; Vim- valine, isoleucine, methionine 5; phagg -proline, histidine, arginine, glutamate, glutamine

Question 52

Examples of purely Ketogenic amino acids are: (1) ______ (2) _______

Answer 52

LYSINE LEUCINE

Question 53

However, some amino acids can play both fields I.e act as both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. ``` These are _____ ____ ______ _____ _____ ```

Answer 53

1.Phenylalanine 2.Isoleucine 3.Tyrosine 4.Tryptophan Threonine