Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANATOMY 403 EXAM 4 > INTEGUMENT > Flashcards

INTEGUMENT Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the three layers of the integument?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main characteristic of the epidermis?

A

Mostly dead, keratinized cells and avascular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main characteristic of the dermis?

A

Live cells and vascular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hypodermis also known as?

A

Subcutaneous layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the accessory appendages of the skin?

A

Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and nails.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A

Protection, regulation, excretion/absorption, vitamin D synthesis, energy storage, and sensory perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratin, a tough protein that provides physical protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of melanocytes?

A

Produce melanin pigments and transfer them to keratinocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are intraepidermal macrophages also known as?

A

Langerhans cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the keratinization cycle?

A

Keratinocytes undergo keratinization as they move from the lower layers of the epidermis to the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is apoptosis in keratinocytes?

A

Programmed cell death that occurs as keratinocytes move upward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the Merkel complex?

A

Responsible for tactile sensation (touch).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the significance of vitamin D synthesis?

A

Promotes calcium absorption and bone growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between thin skin and thick skin?

A

Thin skin has a thin stratum corneum and no stratum lucidum; thick skin has a thick stratum corneum and a stratum lucidum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the papillary region of the dermis?

A

Contains thin, fine collagen/elastin fibers and projects into the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the reticular region of the dermis?

A

Made up of thick, coarse collagen/elastin fibers providing support for accessory structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A

Protection, thermoregulation, energy storage, and sensory perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pigments responsible for skin color?

A

Hemoglobin, carotene, and melanin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin (yellow-red) and eumelanin (brown-black).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the pigments responsible for differences in skin color?

A

Hemoglobin, Carotene, and Melanin are the primary pigments responsible for skin color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin: Yellow-red. Eumelanin: Brown-black.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does UV exposure affect skin pigmentation?

A

UV exposure stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, leading to a tan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the warning signs of melanoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Asymmetry, irregular borders, variable color, and large diameter are key signs of melanoma.

25
What is the pilosebaceous apparatus?
The pilosebaceous apparatus consists of hair (pili) and sebaceous glands that secrete sebum onto hair shafts.
26
What are the functions of hair?
Hair insulates, feels, and protects the body by catching particles and allergens.
27
What is hair made of?
Hair is a long protein filament made from keratinized epidermal cells bonded by extracellular proteins.
28
What are the parts of hair?
Shaft, root, and follicle.
29
What is the structure of the hair shaft?
The hair shaft consists of three layers: Medulla, Cortex, and Cuticle.
30
What is the hair growth cycle?
The hair growth cycle includes the growth stage, regression stage, and resting stage.
31
How is hair color determined?
Hair color is produced by melanocytes in the medulla and cortex, with the ratio of melanin types determining the color.
32
What are arrector pili muscles?
Smooth muscles located in the dermis that cause piloerections (goosebumps).
33
What are nails made of?
Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that cover the distal ends of digits.
34
What is the structure of nails?
Nails consist of the nail body, free edge, lunula, nail root, and nail matrix.
35
What are the types of exocrine secretion?
Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine.
36
What is merocrine secretion?
Secretions produced in cytoplasm of gland cells and released via exocytosis.
37
What is apocrine secretion?
Secretions produced in cytoplasm of gland cells, where the apical cell membrane pinches off.
38
What is holocrine secretion?
Secretions produced in cytoplasm of gland cells where the cell ruptures to release secretions.
39
What happens when a sebaceous gland becomes inflamed?
Acne occurs when sebum clogs sebaceous ducts, leading to inflammation.
40
What are eccrine sweat glands?
Sweat glands that are small, numerous, and responsible for thermoregulation.
41
What are apocrine sweat glands?
Larger sweat glands that secrete viscous sweat and are mainly found in specific areas.
42
What is the thermoregulatory function of sudoriferous glands?
Sudoriferous glands help regulate body temperature through conduction, evaporation, and convection.
43
What are ceruminous glands?
Modified sweat glands of the external auditory canal that secrete cerumen (ear wax).
44
What are the three phases of wound healing?
Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and maturation (remodeling) phase.
45
What happens during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
This phase involves hemostasis (stopping bleeding) and inflammation, where white blood cells clear debris and bacteria.
46
What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
New tissue forms, including new blood vessels (angiogenesis), collagen production, and the formation of granulation tissue.
47
What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?
Collagen fibers are reorganized, and the tissue strengthens. Scarring may occur as the wound fully heals.
48
What role do fibroblasts play in wound healing?
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen and extracellular matrix, helping to form the structural framework of new tissue.
49
What is eczema (atopic dermatitis)?
Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes itching, redness, and sometimes blisters, often triggered by allergens or irritants.
50
What is psoriasis?
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells, leading to thick, scaly patches of skin.
51
What are the different types of burns?
Burns are classified into first-degree (superficial), second-degree (partial thickness), and third-degree (full thickness) burns, depending on the depth of the injury.
52
What is rosacea?
Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that causes redness and visible blood vessels on the face, often triggered by environmental factors, stress, or food.
53
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common condition that causes scaly, greasy patches of skin, typically on the scalp, face, and upper chest, often related to yeast overgrowth.
54
What is the role of collagen in skin repair?
Collagen provides structural support and strength to the newly formed tissue, playing a key role in wound closure and healing.
55
What is granulation tissue?
Granulation tissue is newly formed connective tissue that fills a wound during the proliferative phase of healing, consisting of new blood vessels, fibroblasts, and collagen.
56
How do keratinocytes contribute to wound healing?
Keratinocytes migrate across the wound site during the proliferative phase to re-epithelialize the skin and restore its barrier function.
57
What is scar formation, and when does it occur?
Scar formation is the final result of wound healing, where collagen is deposited in the dermis, leading to a fibrous tissue replacement. It occurs during the maturation phase.
58
How does vascularization affect the wound healing process?
Adequate blood supply is necessary for oxygen and nutrient delivery to the healing tissue, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) supports this process.

ANATOMY 403 EXAM 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions