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ANATOMY 403 EXAM 4 > REPRO > Flashcards

REPRO Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is human sexual reproduction?

A

Human sexual reproduction involves the production of gametes through meiosis, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell.

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2
Q

What are the gametes produced by males and females?

A

Sperm are produced by the testes, while oocytes (eggs) are produced by the ovaries.

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3
Q

Why is sexual reproduction important?

A

It shuffles genes to create genetic diversity, allowing for over 70 trillion unique genetic combinations.

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4
Q

What are the main components involved in sexual reproduction?

A

Gonads produce gametes, sex organs share gametes, and the uterus supports the zygote during development.

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5
Q

How is sex defined in terms of biological traits?

A

Sex is a mosaic determination, not always binary, with individuals exhibiting traits of either sex category.

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6
Q

What are the typical chromosomal patterns for males and females?

A

XX chromosomes typically indicate female (AFAB), while XY chromosomes typically indicate male (AMAB).

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7
Q

What traits are associated with AFAB and AMAB individuals?

A

AFAB traits include vagina, ovaries, and estrogen production; AMAB traits include penis, testes, and androgen production.

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8
Q

What does the SRY gene do?

A

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines gonadal differentiation, leading to male genitalia development.

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9
Q

What structures develop from the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts develop into AMAB structures, while paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts develop into AFAB structures.

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10
Q

What are the differentiated structures in AMAB and AFAB individuals?

A

AMAB structures include the epididymis, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens; AFAB structures include uterine tubes, uterus, and cervix.

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11
Q

What are the homologous structures in AMAB and AFAB individuals?

A

Homologous structures include glans penis (AMAB) and glans clitoris (AFAB), body of penis (AMAB) and body of clitoris (AFAB), and scrotum (AMAB) and labia majora (AFAB).

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12
Q

What defines the pelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic cavity is bounded by the pelvic inlet (superior) and pelvic outlet (inferior), with the pelvic diaphragm forming the floor.

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13
Q

What organs are housed in the pelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, uterus, ovaries, and rectum.

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14
Q

What muscles comprise the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The pelvic diaphragm includes the levator ani (Puborectalis, Pubococcygeus, Iliococcygeus) and coccygeus muscles.

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm muscles?

A

The pelvic diaphragm muscles are innervated by the pudendal nerve.

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16
Q

What impact does vaginal delivery have on pelvic diaphragm muscles?

A

Vaginal delivery can injure pelvic diaphragm muscles, especially the levator ani, leading to incontinence and pelvic floor prolapse.

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17
Q

What is the perineum?

A

The perineum is the region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm, bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally.

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18
Q

What structures are housed in the perineum?

A

The perineum houses external genitalia, including the root of the penis, bulb of penis, crus of penis, crus of clitoris, bulb of vestibule, body and glans of clitoris, penis, vulva, and vaginal orifice.

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19
Q

What are the major sources of blood flow to the pelvic cavity?

A

Major arteries include the internal iliac artery and internal pudendal artery.

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20
Q

What is the role of the pampiniform plexus?

A

The pampiniform plexus cools arterial blood to the testis and warms venous blood returning to the body.

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21
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

A varicocele is a varicosity of the pampiniform plexus where blood pools, potentially leading to infertility.

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22
Q

What are the coverings of the spermatic cord?

A

The spermatic cord has coverings including external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, and internal spermatic fascia.

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23
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production and maturation occurring in the seminiferous tubules.

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24
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Production and maturation of sperm.

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25
What are the component cells of the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells.
26
What do Sertoli cells do?
Support developing spermatocytes and regulate spermatogenesis.
27
What do Leydig cells produce?
Testosterone.
28
What is spermatogenesis?
The process of sperm production and development.
29
What is the pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation?
Seminiferous tubules → Straight tubules → Rete testis → Efferent ductules → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra.
30
What is the role of the epididymis?
Sperm maturation and storage.
31
How long does sperm take to mature in the epididymis?
Approximately 14 days.
32
What happens to malformed or too-old sperm?
They are reabsorbed by the body.
33
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
Carries sperm from the epididymis into the pelvis.
34
What is the anatomical structure of sperm?
Head (contains DNA and acrosome), midpiece (packed with mitochondria), tail (flagellum for propulsion).
35
What is spermiogenesis?
The final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids transform into spermatozoa.
36
What is the role of the hypothalamus in spermatogenesis?
Secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GRH).
37
What does FSH stimulate?
Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis.
38
What is the composition of semen?
Seminal vesicles (~60%), prostate (~30%), bulbourethral glands (~5%), and sperm (~5-10%).
39
What do seminal vesicles contribute to semen?
Alkaline fluid rich in fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins.
40
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Secretes prostatic fluid that protects sperm from acidity.
41
What is the function of bulbourethral glands?
Secrete lubricating and neutralizing mucus.
42
What are the three regions of the urethra in AMAB individuals?
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra.
43
What is the difference between AMAB and AFAB urethra?
AMAB urethra serves both urinary and reproductive functions, while AFAB urethra serves only urinary function.
44
What structures do sperm pass through during maturation and ejaculation?
Seminiferous tubules, Straight tubules, Rete testis, Efferent ductules, Epididymis (head, body, tail), Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy)
45
What are the accessory gland secretions and their locations?
Seminal vesicles: secrete seminal fluid into the ejaculatory duct (posterior to the bladder). Prostate gland: secretes prostatic fluid into the prostatic urethra. Bulbourethral glands: secrete bulbourethral secretions into the spongy urethra.
46
What are the primary roles of the ovaries?
Produce oocytes and produce hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone)
47
What is the anatomical location of the ovaries?
Ovary, Uterus, Uterine Tube, Cervix, Vagina
48
How do the ovaries develop and descend?
Begin in abdomen, descend to pelvic cavity via the gubernaculum, which traverses the inguinal canal.
49
Are the ovaries intra- or retro-peritoneal?
Intraperitoneal ## Footnote They begin in retroperitoneal space, then move lateral and anterior to become intra-peritoneal.
50
What are the four layers of the ovaries?
Germinal epithelium (Peritoneum), Tunica albuginea, Cortex (Follicles + Dense connective tissue), Medulla (Loose connective tissue, Blood, nerves, lymph)
51
What is oogenesis?
A single haploid (n) ovum is produced via meiosis from a diploid (2n) parental oogonium.
52
What happens to the other three daughter cells during oogenesis?
They become polar bodies; one oocyte retains most cytoplasm to become the ovum.
53
When does oogenesis occur?
During fetal development, primary oocytes pause meiosis I at birth, and during puberty to menopause, primary oocytes complete meiosis I.
54
What is the fate of most oogonia?
Most oogonia will never progress past the secondary oocyte stage. ## Footnote Only fertilized ova progress through Meiosis II.
55
What are the stages of follicular development?
Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary follicle, Mature follicle, Corpus hemorrhagicum, Corpus luteum, Corpus albicans
56
Where does oogenesis primarily occur?
Primarily in ovaries, but final stages occur in uterine tubes and/or uterus.
57
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular Phase and Luteal Phase
58
What occurs during the follicular phase?
Maturation of ovarian follicles, characterized by secretion of hormones stimulating follicle development.
59
What occurs during the luteal phase?
Formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured mature follicle, secreting progesterone.
60
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menses, Proliferative phase, Secretory phase
61
What happens during menses?
Days 1–5, stratum functionalis is shed.
62
What occurs during the proliferative phase?
Days 6–14, endometrium grows (estrogen-driven).
63
What happens during the secretory phase?
Days 15–28, mucus secretion (progesterone-driven).
64
What are the layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
65
What are the specific layers of the endometrium?
Stratum basalis (permanent base), Stratum functionalis (temporary, shed each cycle)
66
What is the anatomical structure of the vagina?
Elastic fibromuscular tube serving as a passageway for child delivery, menstrual flow, and semen delivery.
67
What are the anatomical features of the vulva?
Labia majora (external, adipose filled), Labia minora (internal, surround vestibule), Vestibule (urethral orifice, vaginal orifice)
68
What are the accessory glands associated with the vulva?
Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands, Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands, Lesser vestibular glands
69
What is the function of the mammary glands?
Provide nourishment for offspring through lactation.
70
What is the milk flow pathway in the mammary glands?
Alveolus → Secondary tubules → Mammary ducts → Lactiferous sinus → Lactiferous ducts → Nipple
71
What hormones regulate the mammary glands?
Progesterone and Estrogens prepare the glands for lactation; Prolactin stimulates milk secretion; Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection.
72
What is an example of a positive feedback loop in lactation?
A baby suckles to access milk, stimulating the release of prolactin and oxytocin, leading to more milk production and ejection.
73
What is the process of fertilization?
Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell from the male combines with an egg cell (ovum) from the female to form a zygote. It begins when sperm penetrates the egg's zona pellucida, causing changes in the egg's membrane to prevent other sperm from entering. The sperm and egg nuclei fuse to create a diploid zygote, which then begins cell division.
74
How are the ovarian and uterine cycles regulated by hormones?
The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads. GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH. FSH stimulates follicular development in the ovaries, while LH triggers ovulation. Rising estrogen levels from the ovaries promote the uterine lining (endometrium) to proliferate, while progesterone stabilizes the endometrial lining after ovulation to prepare for implantation. When pregnancy doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone drop, leading to menstruation.
75
How does the presence of the SRY gene and testosterone influence the development of male sex organs?
The SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers the development of male gonads (testes). The testes produce testosterone, which stimulates the development of mesonephric ducts into male internal reproductive organs, such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also produced by the testes, causes the regression of the female reproductive ducts (paramesonephric ducts).
76
What role do hormones play in the development and function of the mammary glands?
During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone prepare the mammary glands for lactation by stimulating the growth of ducts and alveoli. After childbirth, prolactin from the pituitary gland stimulates milk production, while oxytocin causes the milk to be ejected from the alveoli through the ducts in response to suckling.
77
What are the key differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
Oogenesis is the process of egg (ovum) formation in females. It results in one viable egg and polar bodies that degrade. It occurs in the ovaries and is completed during fetal development, but the final stages occur only after puberty during the menstrual cycle. Spermatogenesis occurs in males and results in four viable sperm cells from one precursor cell. It is an ongoing process that starts at puberty and continues throughout life.
78
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and involves two rounds of cell division. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through crossing over, which creates new combinations of alleles. This, along with independent assortment (random distribution of chromosomes into gametes), contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.

ANATOMY 403 EXAM 4 (4 decks)

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