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MSK II > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

order of layers of thick epidermis from superficial to deep

A 
statum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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2
Q

difference between thick and thin skin

A

thick:
- palms and soles
- less glandular components

thin:

  • widespread
  • glands and hair follicles
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3
Q

stratum basale

  • physical appearance
  • what does it contain
A

single layer of keratinocytes with stem cells

  • mitotically active
  • contains melanin
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4
Q

how is the stratum basale bound apically and basally

A

apically: desmosomes
basally: hemidesmosomes

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5
Q

stratum spinosum

  • physical appearance
  • what can it become
A

several layers thick containing polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes
- thickens with pressure to produce corns and calluses

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6
Q

stratum granulosum

  • physical appearance
  • what does it contain
A

thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of epidermis

- contains keratinocytes which contain keratohyalin granules

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7
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

contain keratohyalin which can then be involved in keratinization
also contain:
- basophilic, cystine and histadine rich proteins
- precursors to filagrin which assemble keratin into budles

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8
Q

filaggrin

A

protein that assembles keratin into bundles

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9
Q

stratum corneum

A

cells that have released their organelles and nucleus and are just filled with mature keratin; plasma membrane is coated with layer of lipids to form a water barrier

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10
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only well seen in thick skin; typically stains translucent; cells do not have organelles or nuclei

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11
Q

keratinocytes

A

predominant cells of the epidermis; produces keratins; participate in the epidermal water barrier

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12
Q

basal cells

A

synthesize keratin filaments that are grouped into bundles

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13
Q

tonofibrils

A

groups of keratin

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14
Q

spinous cells

A

where keratin synthesis continues and the synthesis of keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies begins

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15
Q

lamellar bodies

A

fatty based granules that are released to contribute to the waterproof barrier

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16
Q

granular cells

A

discharge lamellar bodies for the water barrier; they contain keratinohyalin granules with filaggrin

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17
Q

filaggrin

A

protein that promotes aggregation of keratin filaments into tonofibrils

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18
Q

why do the keratinized cells have lower pH

A

low pH is required for losing the nucleus and other organelles so that the cells can be full of just mature keratin

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19
Q

where do new cells undergo division

A

stratum basale

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20
Q

melanocytes

  • derived from
  • where are they found
  • what do they do
A

derived from neural crest cells; scattered within stratum basale; produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes

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21
Q

melanin

A

pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation

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22
Q

epidermal melanin unit

A

one melanocyte maintains an association with up to 36 keratinocytes

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23
Q

how is melanin produced

A

tyrosine is oxidized by tyrosinase into DOPA, which is then polymerized into melanin

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24
Q

pigment donation

A

melanin is made in premelanosomes which become melanosomes as more melanin is produced; melanosomes then produce pseudopodia containing melanocytes and keratinocytes phagocytose these

25
Langerhan cells
antigen presenting cells that provide defense against pathogens; develop from monocytes - activate t-lymphocytes
26
where are the langerhan cells identifiable
stratum spinosum
27
merkel cells - what are they - what do they do
epidermal cells that function in cutaneous sensation - provide acute sensory perception in the fingertips - reside in stratum basale
28
merkel cell carcinoma
highly aggressive form of skin cancer due to uncontrolled proliferation
29
papillary layer of dermis
loose connective tissue layer immediately beneath epidermis - thinner collagen fibers and elastic fibers - has vasculature and nerve endings
30
reticular layer of dermis
deep to papillary layer - thick and less cellular - thick, irregular bundles of type 1 collagen and course elastic fibers - form Langer's lines
31
Langer's lines
correspond to the natural orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis, and are generally parallel to the orientation of the underlying muscle fibers - used for surgical incisions (c-sections)
32
hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
adipose tissue deep to the dermis - energy storage - insulation - have arrector pili muscles
33
arrector pili muscles
attach to hair follicles
34
meissner's corpuscle
present in dermal papillae just beneath dermis; contain touch receptors responsive to low frequency stimuli - ex: reading braille
35
pacinian corpuscle
found in deeper dermis and hypodermis; detects pressure or vibration; myelinated nerve ending surrounded by a capsule structure - ex: fingertips, joints, periosteum, internal organs
36
free nerve endings - where do they terminate - what are they sensitive to - additional function
nerve endings that lack connective tissue and terminate in the stratum granulosum - sensitive to fine touch, head, cold, and pain - sensitive to hair movement - serve as mechanoreceptors
37
how do merocrine (eccrine) glands secrete
secretion is delivered in membrane bound vesicles to apical surface and then undergo exocytosis - ex: sweat glands - everywhere except lips and external genitalia
38
holocrine glands
secretion accumulates in the cell which causes apoptosis to occur, releasing cellular debris - ex: sebaceous glands
39
how apocrine glands secrete
bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles - ex: mammary glands - also located at axilla, areola, nipple, skin around anus, external genitalia, ear canal
40
sebaceous glands
produce a lipid mixture with sebum via holocrine secretion - lubricates and softens skin - waterproofs skin
41
pilosebaceous canal
formed from sebum being discharged into the infundibulum (hair follicle)
42
two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands
eccrine (merocrine) | apocrine
43
eccrine sweat glands - physical appearance - what cells are the ducts made of - secretion is facilitated by - subject to what kind of regulation
simple, coiled glands - ducts are stratified cuboidal - expulsion of secretions facilitated by myopeithelial cells - cholinergic regulation
44
myoepithelial cells
facilitate expulsion of secretions in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
45
components of sweat from eccrine glands
water, salt, ammonia, uric acid, and mucinogen granules
46
cholinergic regulation
sweating for temperature regulation purposes
47
apocrine sweat glands - physical appearance - what cells are the ducts made of - what kind of secretion do they use - secretion is facilitated by - subject to what kind of regulation
large-lumen, tubular glands - ducts are stratified cuboidal - use merocrine secretion - expulsion of secretions facilitated by myopeithelial cells - subject to adrenergic regulation
48
adrenergic regulation
sweating when nervous, not for temp regulation
49
infundibulum
hair follicle; extends from surface of opening to the opening of its sebaceous gland
50
follicular bulge
bulge near insertion of the arrector pili muscles containing epidermal stem cells
51
bulb in hair follicles
expanded inferior segment of the hair follicle | - invaginated by vascularized dermal papilla
52
hair matrix
consists of matrix cells that rapidly divide and differentiate causing hair growth
53
medulla of the hair shaft
central part of the shaft; column of large, loosely connected keratinized cells
54
cortex of the hair shaft
largest layer of hair shaft located outside the medulla; cells are filled with hard keratin intermediate filaments
55
cuticle of the hair shaft
outermost layer; consists of several layers of overlapping keratinized squamous cells
56
nail root
the most proximal region of the nail that covers the nail matrix
57
nail matrix
where stem cells divide and form keratinocytes - allow nail plate to remain attached to the nail bed - pushed forward by continuous growth
58
lunula
crescent shaped white area near the nail matrix
59
cuticle
extension of skin covering nail root

MSK II (17 decks)

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