INTEGUMENTARY (2nd ppt) Flashcards by hhshsjwy, pmmmamnhwg

cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

BODY MEMBRANES

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Function of body membranes (3)

• LINE OR COVER BODY SURFACES
• PROTECT BODY SURFACES
• LUBRICATE BODY SURFACES

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CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES (2)

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE

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KINDS OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
SEROUS MEMBRANES

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Types of Cutaneous Membrane

• cutaneous membrane = skin
• Superficial epidermis
• Underlying dermis

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A dry membrane and the outermost protective boundary

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE = SKIN

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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS

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Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

UNDERLYING DERMIS

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• Surface epithelium (Type depend on site)
• Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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• Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
• Often adapted for absorption or secretion
• Wet membranes bathed in secretions

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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• Surface simple squamous epithelium
• Underlying areolar connective tissue

SEROUS MEMBRANES

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• Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
• Occur in pairs – parietal and visceral
• Serous layers separated by
serous fluid

SEROUS MEMBRANES

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SPECIFIC SEROUS MEMBRANES

• Peritoneum (Abdominal cavity)
• Pleura (Around the lungs)
• Pericardium (Around the heart)

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• Areolar connective tissue only
• Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
• Line small sac of connective tissue called bursae and the tube-like tendon sheaths

Synovial membrane

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Skin derivatives

• Sweat glands
• Oil glands
• Hairs
• Nails

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Skin Protects deeper tissues from:

• Bacterial damage
• Chemical damage
• Desiccation
• Mechanical damage
• Thermal damage
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Protective and cushioning
• Waterproof
• Aids in heat regulation
• Aids in excretion of salts, urea and uric acid
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Contains sensory receptors

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SKIN STRUCTURE

• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
• HYPODERMIS

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• outer layer
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

EPIDERMIS

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Dense connective tissue

DERMIS

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• Deep to dermis
• Not part of the skin
• Anchors skin to underlying organs
• Composed mostly of adipose tissue
• Serves as shock absorber and insulation for deeper tissues

HYPODERMIS

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LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

• Stratum basale
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum (Occurs only in thick, hairless skin)
• Stratum corneum

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• deepest layer
• Cells undergoing mitosis
• Lies next to dermis and receives nutrients from the dermis by diffusion

STRATUM BASALE

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old stratum basale cells

STRATUM SPINOSUM

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old stratum spinosum cells

STATUM GRANULOSUM

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Occurs only in thick, hairless skin

STRATUM LUCIDUM

• Shingle-like dead cells that are 3⁄4 of the epidermal thickness • Completely filled with keratin cells called cornified or horny cells

STRATUM CORNEUM

• Pigment produced by melanocytes • Color is yellow to brown to black • Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale • Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

MELANIN

two layers of Dermis

Papillary layer Reticular Layer

• Projections called dermal papillae • Pain receptors and touch receptors • Capillary loops for nutrients • Result in fingerprints

PAPILLARY LAYER

• Blood vessels • Sweat and oil glands • Nerve receptors

RETICULAR LAYER

dermis means _____

the “hide”

Both _____ and _____ are found in the dermis

collagen and elastic fibers

responsible for the toughness of the dermis and for binding water to keep it hydrated

COLLAGEN

give skin elasticity when we are young but lessens as we age along with collagen

ELASTIC FIBERS

Normal Skin Color Determinants

MELANIN CAROTENE HEMOGLOBIN REDNESS OR ERYTHEMA PALLOR OR BLANCHING JAUDICE OR YELLOWCAST BRUISES OR BLACK AND BLUE MARKS

• amount and kind • Yellow, brown or black pigments

MELANIN

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

CAROTENE

• Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries • Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

HEMOGLOBIN

blushing

REDNESS OR ERYTHEMA

pale from fear or anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

PALLOR OR BLANCHING

liver disorder where excess bile pigments are absorbed in the blood

JAUNDICE OR YELLOW CAST

where blood has escaped from vessels and clotted in the tissue spaces – called hematomas

BRUISES OR BLACK AND BLUE MARKS

Arise from the epidermis and play a role in maintaining homeostasis of the body

APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

• Release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts • Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

CUTANEOUS GLAND - exocrine gland

APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

CUTANEOUS GLAND SEBACEOUS GLAND SWEAT GALNDS — SUDORIFERIOUS

• Produce oil - sebum • Lubricant for skin • Kills bacteria • Prevents hair from becoming brittle • Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles • Glands are activated at puberty

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

Widely distributed in skin

SWEAT GLANDS — SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

2 types of sweat glands

ECCRINE APOCRINE

Open via duct to pore on skin surface

ECCRINE

Ducts empty into hair follicles

APOCRINE

COMPOSITION OF SWEAT

• Mostly water with some salts and vitamin C • Some metabolic waste and lactic acid • Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only), which may have a milky or yellowish color

FUNCTION OF SWEAT

• Helps dissipate excess heat – eccrine only • Excretes waste products • Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

from associated bacteria living off proteins and fats

ODOR

• Produced by hair bulb matrix • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells • Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color

HAIR

• Serves a few minor protective functions • Used to serve as insulation and still does in some animals • Produced by a hair follicle – flexible epithelial structure • Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is the root • Part projecting from the surface of the scalp is the shaft

HAIR

Central core of hair

MEDULLA

surrounds medulla

CORTEX

_____ on outside of cortex formed from a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof to keep hairs separated

CUTICLE

• Most heavily keratinized to provide strength • Worn more at tips to cause split ends

CUTICLE

Dermal (provides blood vessels) and epidermal sheath surround hair root

HAIR FOLLICLE

Smooth muscle cause the hair to stand up – goose bumps

ARRECTOR PILLI

ASSOCIATED HAIR STRUCTURES

HAIR FOLLICLE ARRECTOR PILLI SEBACEOUS (oil) GLAND SWEAT GLAND

Three parts of nails

• Free edge • Body • Root of nail

proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body – often called cuticle

EPONYCHIUM

• Scale-like modifications of the epidermis • Heavily keratinized • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed • The thickened proximal area called the nail matrix is responsible for nail growth • Lack of pigment makes them colorless • Appear pink due to blood vessels underneath • White crescent – lunula – thickened nail matrix

NAILS

• Only epidermis is damaged • Skin is red and swollen • Partial-thickness burn that heals quickly

FIRST-DEGREE BURNS

• Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged • Skin is red with blisters • Partial-thickness burn that heals w/o scar

SECOND DEGREE BURNS

• Destroys entire skin layer • Burn is gray-white or black • Nerve endings destroyed so not painful • Full-thickness burn that does not heal and grafting is necessary

THIRD DEGREE BURNS

• Extend through the skin to injure muscle, ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones •These burns always require medical treatment

FOURTH-DEGREE BURNS

abnormal cell mass

CANCER

most common type of cancer

SKIN CANCER

• Least malignant • Most common type • Arises from stratum basale that no longer makes keratin and stays in place

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

• Arises from stratum spinosum • Metastasizes to lymph nodes • Early removal allows a good chance of cure

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

• Most deadly of skin cancers • Cancer of melanocytes • Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels • Detection uses ABCD rule

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

ABCD RULE

• A=Asymmetry (Two sides of pigmented mole do not match) • B = Border irregularity (Borders of mole are not smooth) • C = Color (Different colors in pigmented area) • D = Diameter (Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter)

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

BURNS

INTEGUMENTARY (2nd ppt) Flashcards

(76 cards)