RESPIRATORY (MIDTERM) Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
A
NOSE
2
Q
Air enters the nose through the ______
A
external nares (nostrils)
3
Q
The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a _____
A
nasal septum
4
Q
______ are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
A
Olfactory receptors
5
Q
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that:
A
• Moistens air
• Traps incoming foreign particles
6
Q
Lateral walls have projections called _____
A
conchae
7
Q
Lateral walls have projections called conchae that:
A
• Increases surface area
• Increases air turbulence within the
nasal cavity
8
Q
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the ______
A
palate
9
Q
Anterior hard palate (______)
A
bone
10
Q
Posterior soft palate (______)
A
muscle
11
Q
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity (4)
A
• Frontal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Maxillary bone
• Sphenoid bone
12
Q
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
A
PARANASAL SINUSES
13
Q
FUNCTION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES
A
• Lighten the skull
• Act as resonance chambers for speech • Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
14
Q
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
A
PHARYNX (THROAT)
15
Q
Three regions of the pharynx
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
16
Q
superior region behind nasal cavity
A
NASOPHARYNX
17
Q
middle region behind mouth
A
Oropharynx
18
Q
inferior region attached to larynx
A
Laryngopharynx
19
Q
The _________ and ______ are common passageways for air and food
A
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
20
Q
________ enter the nasopharynx
A
Auditory tubes
21
Q
Tonsils of the pharynx (3)
A
- Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
22
Q
_______ in the nasopharynx
A
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
23
Q
______ tonsils in the oropharynx
A
Palatine tonsils
24
Q
_______ tonsils at the base of the tongue
A
Lingual
25
Routes air and food into proper channels and plays a role in speech
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
26
Larynx is made of ______ rigid hyaline cartilages and a _______ of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
eight rigid hyaline cartilages;
spoon-shaped flap
27
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Epiglottis
3. Vocal cords (vocal folds)
4. Glottis
28
• Largest hyaline cartilage
• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
Thyroid cartilage
29
• Superior opening of the larynx
• Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
Epiglottis
30
• Vibrate with expelled air to create
sound (speech)
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
31
opening between vocal cords
Glottis
32
Connects larynx with bronchi
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
33
Trachea is lined with ______
ciliated mucosa
34
function of ciliated mucosa:
• Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
• Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
35
Walls are reinforced with _______
C-shaped hyaline cartilage
36
• Formed by division of the trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilus (medial
depression)
PRIMARY BRONCHI
37
Right bronchus is ______, ______, and ______ than left
wider, shorter, and straighter
38
Bronchi subdivide into _______ branches
smaller and smaller branches
39
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
LUNGS
40
Apex is near the _____
clavicle (superior portion)
41
Base rests on the ________ (inferior portion)
diaphragm
42
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
• Left lung – two lobes
• Right lung – three lobes
43
COVERINGS OF THE LUNGS
• Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Pleural fluid
44
______ pleura covers the lung surface
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
45
______ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
46
_______ fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
Pleural fluid
47
RESPIRATORY TREE DIVISIONS
• Primarybronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioli
• Terminal bronchiole
48
• Smallest branches of the bronchi
• All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage
BRONCHIOLES
49
Terminal bronchioles end in _____
alveoli
50
Site of gas exchange
RESPIRATORY ZONE
51
Structures of Respiratory Zone (3)
• Respiratory bronchioli
• Alveolar duct
• Alveoli
52
Gas exchange takes place within the ______ in the respiratory membrane
ALVEOLI
53
Structure of alveoli
• Alveolar duct
• Alveolar sac
• Alveolus
54
• Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity
• As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs
EXHALATION
55
Normal pressure within the pleural space is always _______
negative (intrapleural pressure)
56
Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from ______
collapsing
57
NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS can be caused by _____ or ______
reflexes or voluntary actions
58
NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS examples:
• Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of
debris
• Laughing
• Crying
• Yawn
• Hiccup
59
Normal breathing moves about _______ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])
500 ml
60
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
• person’s size
• Sex
• Age
• Physical condition
61
after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs
Residual volume of air
62
• Amount of air that can be taken in
forcibly over the tidal volume
• Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
63
• Amount of air that can be forcibly
exhaled
• Approximately 1200 ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
64
• Air remaining in lung after expiration
• About 1200 ml
Residual volume
65
• The total amount of exchangeable air
• Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
Vital capacity
66
• Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
• About 150 ml
Dead space volume
67
• Air that actually reaches the respiratory
zone
• Usually about 350 ml
Functional volume
68
Respiratory capacities are measured with a ______
spirometer
69
Respiratory Sounds are monitored with a ______
stethoscope
70
2 Types respiratory sounds
• Bronchial sounds
• Vesicular breathing sounds
71
produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi
Bronchial sounds
72
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Vesicular breathing sounds
73
Oxygen movement into the blood
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
74
The alveoli always has _____ than the blood
more oxygen
75
Oxygen moves by _____ towards the area of lower concentration
diffusion
76
Carbon dioxide movement out of the
blood
• Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
• Pulmonary capillary blood gives up
carbon dioxide
77
Blood leaving the lungs is ____ and ____
oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor
78
• Inside red blood cells attached to
hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
• A small amount is carried dissolved in
the plasma
Oxygen transport in the blood
79
• Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
• A small amount is carried inside red
blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
80
Exchange of gases between blood and body cell
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
81
An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs:
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood
• Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
82
Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the _____ and _____ nerves
phrenic and intercostal nerves
83
Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the _______
medulla
84
_______ that control rate and depth are located in the medulla
Neural centers
85
The pons appears to smooth out ______
respiratory rate
86
Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is ____ respirations per minute
12–15 respirations per minute
87
Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due to ______
extra oxygen needs
88
______ is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs
Hypernia
89
Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
• Physical factors
• Volition (conscious control)
• Emotional factors
• Chemical factors
90
• Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
• Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
ASTHMA
91
• over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
Cystic fibrosis
92
AGING EFFECTS
• Elasticity of lungs decreases
• Vital capacity decreases
• Blood oxygen levels decrease
• Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
decreases
• More risks of respiratory tract infection
