Integumentary

Question 1

necrosis occurs from what?

Answer 1

restriction of blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism

Question 2

a decrease in delivery of blood to tissues causes what?

Answer 2

limit oxygen and glucose delivery to cells.

Question 3

what does limited ATP production cause?

Answer 3

Sodium potassium pump failure, .na and h20 enter the cell and the cell swells lactic acid accumulates .cell damage from acidosis .lysosomes rupture, necrosis.

Question 4

Outer portion of epidermis

Answer 4

stratum corneum

Question 5

inner portion of the epidermis

Answer 5

stratum germinativum

Question 6

keratin

Answer 6

dead cells contain this, a protein that protects against moisture loss, abrasions, resistance to pathogens, and melanin

Question 7

Dermis

Answer 7

includes sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles collagen, and blood vessels.

Question 8

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Answer 8

contains fat cells, blood vessels, serves. stores lipids (fats) used for cushionin gunderlying structrues and energy storage during periods of fasting)

Question 9

Diabetes

Answer 9

characterized by elevated blood glucose levels also known as hyperglycemia

Question 10

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 10

There is no insulin production, casued by shortage or loss of insulin due to destructuion of pancreatic Beta cells. (genetic )

Question 11

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 11

This is caused by cellular insenstivity to insulin. they make insulin but their body is insensitive to it lifestyle

Question 12

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 12

refers to the conditions that result when nerves that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord from and to the rest of the body are damaged or diseased

not enough oxygen and glucose to support the nerve fibers, lose myelin sheet the signals for pain temp pressure, locaiton and space get lost.

Question 13

hemostasis

Answer 13

the process of maintaining blood volume

Question 14

why is clotting important

Answer 14

to prevents internal and external hemorrhaging

Question 15

internal hemorrhaging

Answer 15

tissues downstream of the bleeding are lacking oxygen and glucose. downstream tissue undergoes necrosis( no oxygen = insufficient ATP production for cellular metabolism)

Question 16

external hemorrhaging

Answer 16

a cut causes the blood to exit the bloodstream and enter the environment. Volume of blood is reduced and with severe blood loss all the cells can be starved of oxygen and glucose

Question 17

platelets

Answer 17

small irregular shaped cells that lack a nucleus. they circulate in the blood in an inactive form. They activate when they encounter collagen , thromboxane or von willebran factor.

Question 18

activated platelets

Answer 18

start the clotting process, secrete thromboxane, has two roles

Question 19

thromboxane

Answer 19

A lipid hormone, with two roles. 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Platelet Aggregation.

Question 20

vasoconstriction

Answer 20

Reduces blood flow at the site of vascular injury preventing further blood loss.

Question 21

platelet aggregation

Answer 21

it activates more circulating platelets increasing their concentration at the site of vascular injury.

Question 22

fibrinogen receptors

Answer 22

attaches itself to other platelets, creating a scaffold of platelets.

activated platelets express this. these help form a platelet matrix during a platelet plug formation .

Question 23

Proteins released by damaged endothelial cells for hemostasis.

Answer 23

collegen, von willebrand factor, prothrombinase.

Question 24

collegen

Answer 24

Platelets activate when they encounter this. Activated platelets secrete thromboxane

Question 25

von willebrand factor -damaged cell express von willebrand, anchors for clots to adhere to. damaged cell express von willebrand, anchors for clots to adhere to.

Answer 25

Also activates platelets this protein provides the scaffold for platelet binding at the site of injury. essential for the platelet plug allows resolution of small breaches without fibrin . Damaged cells express this. It is an anchor for clots to adhere to.

Question 26

prothrombinase

Answer 26

inactivated form of this enzyme. starts the pathway for fibrin formation, a protein essential to form clots. essential for breaches larger than a platelet plug can handle.

Question 27

hemostasis requires 3 connected processes

Answer 27

1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug. 3. clotting

Question 28

Vascular Spasm

Answer 28

a sudden and brief tightening or constricting of a blood vessel. activated platelets secrete thromboxane, a vasoconstrictor. The damaged blood vessels close up stopping further blood loss. Timescale: seconds.

Question 29

Platelet Plug

Answer 29

aggregate and attach to site of injury Damaged endothelial cells secret VWF, a protein that proves the scaffold for activated platlets to adhere to. Can resolve micro breaches by itself. Timescale : min

Question 30

Clotting

Answer 30

Big breech Uses fibrin to capture and hold lots of platelets to seal up the breach Timescale: min - hrs.

Question 31

how small vascular injuries are resolved?

Answer 31

By Platelet plugs: they are formed by these steps 1. platelet activation: circulating platelets activate when they encounter collagen released from damaged endothelial cells 2. platelet scaffolding- damaged endothelial cells secrete VWF, a protein that serves as a scaffold for plates to adhere to and further activate circulating platelets. 3.Platelet adhesion- platelets aggregate on VWF and are stabilized by fibrinogen receptors expressed on activated platelets. this can resolve small breaches without fibrin

Question 32

How large vascular injuries are resolved?

Answer 32

A clot: is a network of thread- like protein fibers called fibrin that traps blood, platelets, and fluid • Needed for breaches too large for a platelet

Question 33

fibrin (factor 1a)

Answer 33

A protein that holds clots together. It Is formed as follows: there are two inactive clotting factors that are circulating through the blood, prothrombin and fibrinogen that are waiting to be activated. There is an enzyme prothrombinase that is released by injured epithelial cells Prothrombinase converts prothrombin (inactive) into thrombin (active) and with the release of prothrombinase thrombin converts fibrinogen (inactive) into fibrin (active)- which is a strong protein that holds clots together

Question 34

fibrin

Answer 34

fibrous insoluble protein essential for blood blotting- it is derived by fibrinogen, thrombin which is a protease cleaves fibrin from fibrinogen. after cleaving, fibrin undergoes polymerization- polymerized fibrin forms a net that gathers platelets and forms a secure plug over large vascular breaches.

Question 35

fibrinolysis

Answer 35

clots are dissolved by this process

Question 36

plasminogen

Answer 36

blood contains this inactivated protein, it is converted to plasmin its active form, by thrombin and t-pa

Question 37

plasmin

Answer 37

dissolved fibrin

Question 38

thrombus

Answer 38

a blood clot

Question 39

thrombosis

Answer 39

a clot that does not migrate from the sight of vascular injury.

Question 40

embolus

Answer 40

Any object (e.g., clot, gas bubble, fat cells from broken bones, detached atherosclerotic plaque) that restricts blood flow

Question 41

embolism

Answer 41

When a detached thrombus lodges elsewhere in the circulatory system and restricts blood flow.