Metabolism

Question 1

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 1

Release energy, more stable chemical bonds are created from less stable ones, ex: during cellular respiration glucose is oxidized into water co2 and ATP

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

molecules are being broken down (in exergonic reactions)

Question 3

endergonic reactions

Answer 3

Absorb energy. Less stable bonds are created from more stable ones. Ex: condensation reactions that make amino acids into polypeptides.

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

molecules are being made (in endergonic reactions)

Question 5

Gluconeogensis

Answer 5

During starvation or strenuous exercise, the liver synthesizes glucose through this reaction. It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol (derived from fatty acids lipids) and amino acid proteins)

Question 6

Lactate, amino acids, and glycerol

Answer 6

Non carbohydrates using o synthesize glucose during gluconeogensis

Question 7

lactate

Answer 7

by product of pyruvate oxidation in glycolysis during anaerobic conditions

Question 8

amino acids

Answer 8

derived from dietary proteins or from muscle and albumin wasting

Question 9

glycerol

Answer 9

obtained for breaking down triglycerides stored in adipose cells.

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

a readily mobilized storage form of glucose (branched polymer of glucose residues )

Question 11

glycogensis

Answer 11

anabolism of glucose into glycogen induced by the hormone insulin

Question 12

glucagon

Answer 12

a hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen into glucose

Question 13

glycogenolysis

Answer 13

catabolism of glycogen into glucose

Question 14

blood glucose homeostasis

Answer 14

Hyperglycemia triggers release of insulin induces glycogensis- Beta cells secrete insulin. When the concentration of blood glucose rises (after eating, for example), beta cells secrete insulin into the blood. Insulin stimulates the liver and most other body cells to absorb glucose. Liver and muscle cells convert the glucose to glycogen (for short‐term storage), and adipose cells convert the glucose to fat.

hypoglyceia triggers release of glucagon induces glycogenolysis- Alpha cells secrete glucagon. When the concentration of blood glucose drops (during exercise, for example), alpha cells secrete glucagon into the blood. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose.

Question 15

acetyl coa

Answer 15

The starting point for the synthesis of fatty acids (triglyceride) from carbohydrates (surplus calories stored as body fat. ) this makes triglycerides when we have a surplus of calories. fat can be broken down during periods of starvation or exercise to release this which is then used to make ATP.

Question 16

triglyceride

Answer 16

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

Question 17

Why is ATP important?

Answer 17

cells transfer energy among one another, using this. It facilitates metabolic activities int he body including, being converted to cyclic AMP, an important secondary messenger for relaying hormonal signal to induce gene expression. It is requores to contrat and relax musces, it energizes active transport, it is requires for mRNA synthesis it is requires for dna synthesis and it enables sperm motility.

Question 18

3 ways to make ATP

Answer 18

Creatine phosphate, glycolysis/fermentation, cellular respiration.

Question 19

creatine phosphate (phosphagen system)

Answer 19

neither require o2 or glucose. does not produce lactate. Atp yielf id low, (ex power lifting)

Question 20

glycolysis/fermentation

Answer 20

post gylcolysis does not require o2. waste lactic acid, short bursts of power, 2 atp are produced

Question 21

cellular respiration

Answer 21

requires o2. acetyl coa can be obtained from glucose or fatty acids. waste product is co2 .produces 50% of natp in a 1 mile run produces 36 atp.

Question 22

Phosphagen system: creatine phosphate

Answer 22

molecule stored in skeletal muscles. it is a reserve of high energy phosphates in skeletal muscles that can be readily mobilized during short bursts of strenuous exercise. it is high energy phosphate door, its donated phosphate can convert adp to atp independent of glycolysis or cellular respiration

does not store ATP. IT MAKES ATP. ADP uses enzyme creatine kinase and takes phosphate form creatine phosphate pulls it off and adds it to ADP to make ATP. it synthesizes ATP it does not store ATP. it converts independent of glycolysis and cellular respiration, key component of fight and flight

Question 23

GFR

Answer 23

the rate at which our kidneys filter blood and make urine.

Question 24

Creatine

Answer 24

the metabolite of creatine phosphate, produced at a fairly constant and is almost entirely excreted in urine.

Question 25

high serum creatinine

Answer 25

kidney impairment due to disease, injury ARF, or chronic kidney failure.

Question 26

low serum creatinine

Answer 26

generally suggests skeletal muscle problems or low dietary protein intake

Question 27

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 27

a molecule donates a phosphate group via an enzymatic reaction, Occurs in cytosol, example is glycolysis (example: power activities such as sprinting )

Question 28

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 28

a chemical gradient energizes the enzymatic conversion of ADP into ATP. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Ex: cellular respiration, endurance activities like marathons

Question 29

Glycolysis

Answer 29

the synthesis of ATP (Aand NADH) by oxidizing glucose into pyruvate. an example of substrate level phosphorylation an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol. involves 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions. 1 oxidized glucose yields (net) 2 ATP, 2 NADH 2 pyruvate

Question 30

phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP)

Answer 30

PEP is derived from glucose during glycolysis. it donates a phosphate group used to phosphoylte ADP into ATP. A process made possible by pyruvate kinase it allows us to make to ATP.

Question 31

aerobic respiration

Answer 31

pyruvate enters matrix and is converted to acetyl coA. Cellular respiration is possible. with sufficient oxygen post glycolysis, cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria .

Question 32

anerobic respiration

Answer 32

cellular respiration stops. ex: strenuous exercise lungs cannot bring enough o2 to meet the demand of working skeletal muscle. cells switch to fermentation where resulting lactate is recycled into glucose via gluconeognesis insuffiencent o2 p sot glycoslysis it goes tot he liver for gluconeogensis. lactate turns into pyruvate whcih turns into glucose.

Question 33

why are nadh and fadh2 important in cellular respiration ?

Answer 33

these reduced moelcules donate protons and electrons that make chemiosmosis and cellular respiration possible.

Question 34

cori cycle

Answer 34

recycling lactate into glucose. Common in skeletal muscle cells during strenuous exercise. pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) is reduced to lactate. lactate is transported to liver where it is converted to glucose via gluconeogensis

Question 35

Ventromedial nucleus

Answer 35

food control (hunger/satiety sensation) are located in this part of the hypothalamus. This receives stretch signals rom the gut. Food stretches it, glucose levels triggers response in brain to stop eating. glucose levels and the stretching of the elementary canals is what tells us to stop eating. hunger: low serum glucose reduces

Question 36

peristalsis

Answer 36

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Question 37

alimentary canal

Answer 37

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.