Integumentary System

Question 1

Hair

Answer 1

Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called the hair follicle.

Question 2

Follicle

Answer 2

Where strands of hair originate from.

Question 3

Hair Root

Answer 3

The hair root ends deep in the dermis at the hair bulb, and includes a layer of mitotically active basal cells called the hair matrix

Question 4

Hair Shaft

Answer 4

The hair shaft is the part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin’s surface.

Question 5

Nail Root

Answer 5

The hair shaft is the part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin’s surface.

Question 6

Free edge

Answer 6

The outer end of the nail.

Question 7

Lunula

Answer 7

The nail bed is rich in blood vessels, making it appear pink, except at the base, where a thick layer of epithelium over the nail matrix forms a crescent-shaped region called the lunula (the “little moon”).

Question 8

Eponychium

Answer 8

The nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body forms the nail cuticle, also called the eponychium.

Question 9

Sweat glands

Answer 9

When the body becomes warm, sudoriferous glands produce sweat to cool the body. There are Eccrine and Apocrine glands

Question 10

Pores

Answer 10

Pores serve an important function. They allow sweat and oil to escape through your skin, cooling you off and keeping your skin healthy while getting rid of toxins. Pores are also the openings of hair follicles.

Question 11

Eccrine

Answer 11

An eccrine sweat gland is type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation. These glands are found all over the skin’s surface, but are especially abundant on the palms of the hand, the soles of the feet, and the forehead.

Question 12

Apocrine

Answer 12

An apocrine sweat gland is usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions.

Question 13

Function #1 - Protection

Answer 13

The skin protects the body from outside elements and acts as a barrier to keep water in the body.

Question 14

Function #2 - Sensory Function

Answer 14

the skin has hair and nerve structures built into it, which detect touch, surface temperature and pain.

Question 15

Function #3 - Thermoregulation

Answer 15

The nerves make sure the body’s temperature is right, by making the body sweat to cool it off and move to warm itself.

Question 16

Function #4 - Vitamin D Synthesis

Answer 16

The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation. In the presence of sunlight, a form of vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin. Vitamin D is essential for normal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, which are required for healthy bones.

Question 17

Keratinocyte

Answer 17

The cells in all of the layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes. A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin.

Question 18

Keratin

Answer 18

Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties.

Question 19

melanocyte

Answer 19

specialized skin cell that produces the protective skin-darkening pigment melanin.

Question 20

Epidermis

Answer 20

The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye and works to provide protection for the body

Question 21

Dermis

Answer 21

the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.

Question 22

Hypodermis

Answer 22

The hypodermis is the innermost (or deepest) and thickest layer of skin.

Question 23

Thick skin

Answer 23

Skin is thickest on the palms and soles of the feet.

Question 24

Thin skin

Answer 24

Thin skin covers most of the body and can vary in thinness, with the thinnest skin covering the eyelids.

Question 25

stratum basale

Answer 25

The innermost layer of the epidermis. This layer contains column-shaped basal cells that are constantly dividing and being pushed toward the surface. The stratum basale is also home to melanocytes that produce melanin.

Question 26

stratum spinosum

Answer 26

This layer is found in in between the stratum basale and the stratum granulosum. The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are referred to as prickle cells.

Question 27

stratum granulosum

Answer 27

The cells of the stratum granulosum (SGR) accumlate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules contain lipids, which along with the desmosomal connections, help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body.

Question 28

stratum lucidum

Answer 28

The function of the stratum lucidum is to protect the skin in areas most common to damage, such as the palms of the hands, the side of the fingers attached to the palms, and the bottoms of the feet. It is an extra layer of skin found only in these locations.

Question 29

stratum corneum

Answer 29

The stratum corneum the skin's outermost layer and interface with the outside world is now well recognized as the barrier that prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body.

Question 30

papillary dermis

Answer 30

The papillary layer supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature. Both of these functions are accomplished with a thin, extensive vascular system that operates similarly to other vascular systems in the body.

Question 31

reticular dermis

Answer 31

The reticular layer of the dermis is important in giving the skin it overall strength and elasticity, as well as housing other important epithelial derived structures such as glands and hair follicles.

Question 32

Acne

Answer 32

Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples. Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.

Question 33

Ezcema

Answer 33

Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is caused by a combination of immune system activation, genetics, environmental triggers and stress. Your immune system. If you have eczema, your immune system overreacts to small irritants or allergens. This overreaction can inflame your skin.

Question 34

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 34

A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells. Basal cells produce new skin cells as old ones die. Limiting sun exposure can help prevent these cells from becoming cancerous. This cancer typically appears as a white waxy lump or a brown scaly patch on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and neck. Treatments include prescription creams or surgery to remove the cancer.

Question 35

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 35

Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells.

Question 36

Melanoma

Answer 36

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops when melanocytes (the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color) start to grow out of control.

Question 37

1st Degree Skin Burn

Answer 37

First-degree burns are mild (like most sunburns). The top layer of skin (epidermis) turns red and is painful but doesn't typically blister.

Question 38

2nd Degree Skin Burn

Answer 38

Second-degree burns affect skin's top and lower layers (dermis). You may experience pain, redness, swelling and blistering.

Question 39

3rd Degree Skin Burn

Answer 39

This burn reaches to the fat layer beneath the skin. Burned areas may be black, brown or white. The skin may look leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, causing numbness.

Question 40

4th Degree Skin Burn

Answer 40

charred skin with possible exposed bone skin, tendons, nerves, and possibly muscles.

Question 41

Stretch Marks

Answer 41

A stretch mark is a type of scar that develops when our skin stretches or shrinks quickly.

Question 42

Callus and Corns

Answer 42

Corns and calluses are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when your skin tries to protect itself against friction and pressure.