Integumentary System Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Meaning of Integument
A
means covering
2
Q
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A
Insulates and cushions the deeper body organs and protects the entire body from mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and microbes
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Q
Insulates and cushions the deeper body organs and protects the entire body from mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and microbes
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
4
Q
Mechanical damage
A
Physical barrier contains keratin, which toughens cells; fat cells to cushion blows; and both pressure and pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage.
5
Q
Chemical damage
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Has relatively impermeable keratinized cells; contains pain receptors, which
alert the nervous system to possible damage
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Q
Microbe damage
A
Has an unbroken surface and “acid mantle” (skin secretions are acidic
and thus inhibit microbes, such as bacteria). Phagocytes ingest foreign
substances and pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deeper
body tissues
7
Q
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
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Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage
8
Q
Thermal (heat or cold) damage
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Contains heat/cold/pain receptors
9
Q
Desiccation (drying out)
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Contains a water-resistant glycolipid and keratin
10
Q
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention
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Heat loss: By activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat can radiate from the skin surface.
Heat retention: By not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds.
11
Q
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
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Contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands
12
Q
Synthesizes Vitamin D
A
Modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the
presence of sunlight.
13
Q
Structure of the Skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)
14
Q
Epidermis
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Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of becoming hard and tough.
15
Q
Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of becoming hard and tough.
A
Epidermis
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Q
Dermis
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Made up mostly of dense connective tissue.
Tear resistant
17
Q
Made up mostly of dense connective tissue.
Tear resistant
A
Dermis
18
Q
Subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)
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Adipose (fat) tissue.
Not considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage.
Serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body.
Responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman’s anatomy than a man’s.
19
Q
Adipose (fat) tissue.
Not considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage.
Serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body.
Responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman’s anatomy than a man’s.
A
Subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)
20
Q
What is the epidermis?
A
Most cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes, which produce keratin.
Avascular
21
Q
Layers of the epidermis
A
Stratum basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
22
Q
Most of its cells are keratinocytes, which produce keratin.
Avascular
A
Epidermis
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Q
Stratum Basale (stratum germinatum)
A
Closest to dermis
Stem cell are constantly dividing and millions of cell produced everyday
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Q
Closest to dermis
Stem cell are constantly dividing and millions of cell produced everyday
A
Stratum Basale (stratum germinatum)
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Stratum Spinosum
helps make your skin flexible and strong.
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helps make your skin flexible and strong.
Stratum Spinosum
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Stratum granulosum
help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body
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help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body
Stratum granulosum
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Stratum lucidum
to protect the areas most common to damages such as palms of the hand, side fingers and the bottoms of the feet.
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to protect the areas most common to damages such as palms of the hand, side fingers and the bottoms of the feet.
Stratum lucidum
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Stratum corneum
The keratinized Squames layer is the final layer. These are layers of dead cells, reduced to flattened scales, or Squames, filled with densely packed keratin
20 to 30 cell layers thick, but it accounts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.
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The keratinized Squames layer is the final layer. These are layers of dead cells, reduced to flattened scales, or Squames, filled with densely packed keratin
20 to 30 cell layers thick, but it accounts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.
Stratum corneum
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Melanin
a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells called melanocytes found chiefly in the stratum basale. Freckles and moles are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot
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a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells called melanocytes found chiefly in the stratum basale. Freckles and moles are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot
Melanin
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Epidermal dendritic cells
Scattered in epidermis that alerts and activate immune system to a threat as bacterial or viral infection
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Scattered in epidermis that alerts and activate immune system to a threat as bacterial or viral infection
Epidermal dendritic cells
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What is the dermis?
The layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis and above the subcutaneous layer.
The thickest layer of the skin, and is made up of fibrous and elastic tissue. Thus it provides strength and flexibility to the skin.
The dermis is abundantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.
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The connective tissue making up the dermis consists of two major region
Papillary Layer
Reticular
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The layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis and above the subcutaneous layer.
The thickest layer of the skin, and is made up of fibrous and elastic tissue. Thus it provides strength and flexibility to the skin.
The dermis is abundantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.
Dermis
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Papillary Layer
Reticular
The connective tissue making up the dermis consists of two major region
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PAPILLARY DERMIS
Relatively thin and is made up of loose connective tissue, which includes:
Capillary loops
Pain receptor (free nerve ending)
Touch receptors
The ridges of the fingertips are well provided with sweat pores and leave unique, identifying films of sweat called fingerprints on almost anything they touch.
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Relatively thin and is made up of loose connective tissue, which includes:
Capillary loops
Pain receptor (free nerve ending)
Touch receptors
The ridges of the fingertips are well provided with sweat pores and leave unique, identifying films of sweat called fingerprints on almost anything they touch.
PAPILLARY DERMIS
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RETICULAR LAYER
The deepest skin layer of the dermis.
It contains dense irregular connective tissue, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called lamellar corpuscles.
Cutaneous sensory receptors
Chemicals (chemoreceptors)
Temperature (thermoreceptors)
Pressure (mechanoreceptors)
Light (photoreceptors)
Pain (Nocireceptors)
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What are the types of pigments?
Melanin (yellow, reddish, brown and black)
- Exposure to sunlight stimulates melanocytes to produce
more melanin pigment
Carotene (orange-yellow)
Hemoglobin (red)
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Redness, or Erythema
Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
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Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
Redness, or Erythema
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Pallor, or blanching
Under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others), some people become pale. Pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.
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Under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others), some people become pale. Pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.
Pallor, or blanching
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Jaundice, or a yellow cast
An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.
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An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.
Jaundice, or a yellow cast
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Bruises
The black-and-blue marks of bruising reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called hematomas. An unusual tendency to bruise may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia (bleeder’s disease).
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The black-and-blue marks of bruising reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called hematomas. An unusual tendency to bruise may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia (bleeder’s disease).
Bruises
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Cutaneous Glands
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
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Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
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Sebum
a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. Sebum is a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.
Contains chemicals that kill bacteria
become very active when androgens are produced in increased during adolescence.
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a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. Sebum is a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.
Contains chemicals that kill bacteria
become very active when androgens are produced in increased during adolescence.
Sebum
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Found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
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Acne
Appears on the skin surface when sebaceous gland ducts are blocked by sebum.
An active infection of the sebaceous glands
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Appears on the skin surface when sebaceous gland ducts are blocked by sebum.
An active infection of the sebaceous glands
Acne
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blackhead
If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens
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If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens
blackhead
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whitehead
If the material does not dry or darken
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If the material does not dry or darken
whitehead
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Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
Widely distributed in the skin. Their number is staggering—more than 2.5 million per person.
Eccrine
Apocrine
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Sweat
a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid
Inhibits the growth of certain bacteria (pH from 4 to 6)
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a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid
Inhibits the growth of certain bacteria (pH from 4 to 6)
Sweat
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Widely distributed in the skin. Their number is staggering—more than 2.5 million per person.
Eccrine
Apocrine
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
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ECCRINE GLANDS
Found all over the body
Highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment
Supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is too high
begin to function during puberty under the influence of androgens
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Found all over the body
Highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment
Supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is too high
begin to function during puberty under the influence of androgens
ECCRINE GLANDS
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APOCRINE GLANDS
Largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital areas of the body.
Larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts empty into hair follicles.
Secretion contains fatty acids and proteins
The secretion is odorless, but when bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrients for their growth, it can take on a musky, sometimes unpleasant odor
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Largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital areas of the body.
Larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts empty into hair follicles.
Secretion contains fatty acids and proteins
The secretion is odorless, but when bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrients for their growth, it can take on a musky, sometimes unpleasant odor
APOCRINE GLANDS
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HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
Important part of our body image
Fastest growing tissues in the body.
A hair forms by division of the well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix of hair bulb
As the daughter cells are pushed farther away from the growing region, they become keratinized and die.
Hair pigment is made by melanocytes in the hair bulb, and varying amounts of different types of melanin (yellow, rust, brown, and black) combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to red to pitch black
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Parts of the hair
The part of the hair enclosed in the hair follicle is called the root
the part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the shaft
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Important part of our body image
Fastest growing tissues in the body.
A hair forms by division of the well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix of hair bulb
As the daughter cells are pushed farther away from the growing region, they become keratinized and die.
Hair pigment is made by melanocytes in the hair bulb, and varying amounts of different types of melanin (yellow, rust, brown, and black) combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to red to pitch black
HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
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NAIL
Scale like modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.
Nails are transparent and nearly colorless, but they look pink because of the rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
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Parts of the nail
free edge, a body , and a root
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nail folds
the borders of the nail are overlapped by folds of skin
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the borders of the nail are overlapped by folds of skin
nail folds
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cuticle
The edge of the thick proximal nail fold
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The edge of the thick proximal nail fold
cuticle
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nail bed
The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail
Its thickened proximal area, called the nail matrix, is responsible for nail growth. As the matrix produces nail cells, they become heavily keratinized and die.
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The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail
Its thickened proximal area, called the nail matrix, is responsible for nail growth. As the matrix produces nail cells, they become heavily keratinized and die.
nail bed
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Athlete’s foot
An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.
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An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.
Athlete’s foot
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Boils and Carbuncles
Boils are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck. Carbuncles are clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
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Caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck. Clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
Boils and Carbuncles
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Cold sores (fever blisters)
Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection. The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV
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Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection. The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV
Cold sores (fever blisters)
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Contact dermatitis
Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
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Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
Contact dermatitis
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Impetigo
Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.
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Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.
Impetigo
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Psoriasis
Characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed. A chronic condition, psoriasis is believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to the rapid overproduction of skin cells. Attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress.
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Characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed. A chronic condition, psoriasis is believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to the rapid overproduction of skin cells. Attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress.
Psoriasis
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BURNS
A burn is tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids), which denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.
When the skin is burned and its cells are destroyed, two life-threatening problems result.
Dehydration
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance follow and can lead to a shutdown of the kidneys and circulatory shock
Infection
Burned skin is sterile for about 24 hours. But after that, pathogens easily invade areas where the skin has been destroyed and multiply rapidly in the nutrient-rich environment of dead tissues.
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Skin Cancer
Numerous types of neoplasms arise in the skin. Most skin neoplasms are benign and do not metastasize to other body areas
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Numerous types of neoplasms arise in the skin. Most skin neoplasms are benign and do not metastasize to other body areas
Skin Cancer
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Types of Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common form of skin cancer
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Second most common form of skin cancer
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Malignant Melanoma
Most serious form of skin cancer
A cancer of melanocytes. It accounts for only about 5 percent of skin cancers, but it is often deadly. Melanoma can begin wherever there is pigment; most such cancers appear spontaneously, but some develop from pigmented moles.
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ABCDE of Malignant Melanoma
(A) Asymmetry. Any two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.
(B) Border irregularity. The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.
(C) Color. The pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue or red).
(D) Diameter. The lesion is larger than 6 millimeters (mm) in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser).
(E) Evolution. One or more of these characteristics is evolving, or changing.
