Integumentary system

Question 1

3 main sections of the skin

Answer 1

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

Question 2

Epidermis:
Type of epithelium:
Functions of:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Lengerhans’ cells
Merkel cells

Answer 2

Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinocytes: produce keratin
Melanocytes: produce melanin
Lengerhans’ cells: protect skin from infection (macrophages)
Merkel cells: touch receptors

Question 3

4 layers of epidermis (acronym)

Answer 3

Come Let’s Get Sun burned
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 4

Stratum basale
Only layer with which cells?

Answer 4

Melanocytes/merkel cells

Question 5

Stratum spinosum
what kind of granules present?
what cells present?

Answer 5

Keratohyaline (strength) + lamellar (water proofing)
Langerhans’ cells

Question 6

Stratum granulosum
what happens to cells here?
All cells above stratum granulosum are?

Answer 6

Cells “toughen up”
all cells above are dead

Question 7

Where is stratum lucidum found?

Answer 7

Palms/Feet

Question 8

Stratum corneum
How much of epidermis?
Functions
What is exfoliating?

Answer 8

3/4 of epidermis
waterproofing + protection
Exfoliating: removing superficial layer of dead keratinocytes from stratum corneum

Question 9

Merkel discs
Deep/supercficial?
Fast/slow adapting?

Answer 9

Superficial
Slow

Question 10

Meissner’s corpuscles
Deep/supercficial?
Fast/slow adapting?

Answer 10

Superficial
Fast

Question 11

Pacinian corpuscles
Deep/supercficial?
Fast/slow adapting?

Answer 11

Deep
Fast

Question 12

2 layers of dermis? which is bigger/position?

Answer 12

Papillary layer: smaller, superficial
Reticular layer: larger, deeper

Question 13

Papillary layer:
what type of tissue

Answer 13

Areolar connective tissue

Question 14

Reticular layer
what type of tissue
how much of skin does it make up?

Answer 14

Dense irregular connective tissue (stretches in different directions)
80% of skin

Question 15

Hypodermis
what type of tissues?
purpose?

Answer 15

Adipose (insulation) + areolar
Regulates temperature

Question 16

what 3 pigments contribute to skin colour?

Answer 16

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

Question 17

Melanin:
pigment colours
produced by?
cause what abnormalities

Answer 17

Yellow -> black
melanocytes (in stratum basale)
freckles/moles

Question 18

Carotene
pigment colours
where is it obvious

Answer 18

yellow -> orange
palms/feet

Question 19

Hemoglobin
pigment colours
excess released when?

Answer 19

red pigment (cause pink hue in skin)
when low oxygen in blood (cyanosis)

Question 20

Apocrine glands:
activated when?
colour of secretion

Answer 20

Sexual foreplay
milky yellow

Question 21

Eccrine glands
merocrine/holocrine?
AKA?
high number where

Answer 21

merocrine
SWEAT glands (hypotonic sweat, to cool sin)
High in armpit (acilla)

Question 22

Ceruminous glands
Combination of which 2 glands
produce what
purpose

Answer 22

Apocrine + eccrine
Ear wax
Block entry of foreign material into ear

Question 23

Mammary glands: purpose

Answer 23

secrete milk

Question 24

Sebacous
merocrine/holocrine?
secrete what
what point of life are they activated?

Answer 24

holocrine
sebum
puberty (clogging = acne)

Question 25

Which type of skin cancer is most dangerous? why

Answer 25

Melanoma highly metastatic, resistant to chemo

Question 26

Which skin cancer is least dangerous? why

Answer 26

Basal cell carcinoma least malignant, surgery is reliable cure

Question 27

Melanoma: ABCD rule

Answer 27

A: assymetrical B: border irregular C: colour is black/brown/tan sometimes blue/red Diameter: >6mm (pencil eraser)

Question 28

Burn reaches which layer for each? 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree 4th degree 5th degree

Answer 28

1st degree: epidermis (mild sun burn) 2nd degree: papillary dermis 3rd degree: reticular dermis 4th degree: subcutaneous fat (hypodermis) 5th degree: possibly bone/muscle (all sensation lost)

Question 29

Rule of nines: what % for each? 1 side of 1 leg: 1 side of 1 arm: 1 side of trunk: 1 side of head/neck: Groin:

Answer 29

1 side of 1 leg: 9% 1 side of 1 arm: 4.5% 1 side of trunk: 18% 1 side of head/neck: 4.5% Groin: 1%

Question 30

What constitutes critical burn

Answer 30

>25% 2nd degree >10% 3rd degree 3rd degree on face or hands or feed

Question 31

What part of hair produces new hair? How

Answer 31

Hair matrix Cells are pushed up + keratinized, die

Question 32

What part of hair causes colours

Answer 32

Melanocytes

Question 33

What colour is each melanin for? Who is it found in high amounts in? Eumelanin Pheomelanin

Answer 33

Eumelanin: balck (black/brown hair) Pheomelanin: red (blonde/red hair)

Question 34

3 steps of hair growth?

Answer 34

Growth stage Resting stage After resting stage

Question 35

A person has naturally short hair, how long is their growth stage?

Answer 35

Longer for long hair, shorter for short hair

Question 36

How long can hair remain in resting stage?

Answer 36

~3 months

Question 37

How does male pattern baldness (AKA?) occur

Answer 37

AKA androgenic alopecia Delayed action gene switches on in adulthood, causes increased response of hair follicles to DHT (testosterone)

Question 38

2 med options for androgenic alopecia

Answer 38

Minoxidil: hair regrowth Finasteride: prevents hair loss

Question 39

What part of nail produces new nail?

Answer 39

Nail matrix