Nervous system (fundamentals, CNS, PNS, ANS) main points Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Astrocytes: CNS/PNS, shape, functions
A
CNS (most abundant cell in the brain)
Star shaped
Support/anchor/brace neurons
Potential role in memories (long term potentiation)
2
Q
Microglia: CNS/PNS, shape, functions
A
CNS
Small, oval, thorny processes
Remove debris/microorganisms
3
Q
Ependymal cells: CNS/PNS, shape, functions
A
CNS
squamous/columnar
Produce/move CSF around CNS
4
Q
Oligodendrocytes: CNS/PNS, functions
A
CNS
produce myelin sheathes for insulation (one can wrap up to 60 axons)
5
Q
Sattelite cells: CNS/PNS, shape, functions
A
PNS
like astrocytes of CNS
control environment around neuron cell body
6
Q
Schwann cells: CNS/PNS, functions, steps of what it does
A
PNS
like oligodendrocytes of CNS
Myelination
1. Schwann cell envelopes axon
2. Rotates around axon, wrapping it
3. Cytoplasm forced from between membranes
Neurilemma: contains cytoplasm _ nucleus of schwann cell
7
Q
Dopamine: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling
A
Catcholamines, Biogenic amines, both, motivation/reward/reinforcement
8
Q
Serotonin: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling
A
(Tryptophan–>) Indolamines (indole ring), biogenic amines, Inhibitory, sleep/appetite/nausea
8
Q
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine:Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling
A
(Dopamine -> Norephinephrine -> Epinephrine) Catecholamines (catchol ring), biogenic amines, both, mood/sleep/feeding
9
Q
Histamines: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling
A
(Histidine –>) Imidazoleamines (imidazole ring), Biogenic amines, both, wakefulness/learning/inflammation + vasodilation
10
Q
GABA: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location
A
Amino acids, inhibitory, primary inhibitory NT in the brain
11
Q
Glycine: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location
A
Amino acids, inhibitory, primary neurotransmitter in spinal cord
12
Q
Glutamate: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Amino acids, excitatory, learning/memory
13
Q
Aspartate: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location
A
Amino acids, excitatory, some brain regions
14
Q
Tachykinins: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Neuropeptides, excitatory, pain/mood
15
Q
Cholestokinin: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Neuropeptides, excitatory, digestion/anxiety/memory
16
Q
Endorphins: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Neuropeptides, inhibitory, reduce pain (perception)
17
Q
Somatostatin: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Neuropeptides, inhibitory, slows digestion
18
Q
ATP: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Purines, both, provokes pain sensation
19
Q
Adenosine: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Purines, inhibitor,
potent brain inhibitor: caffeine/vasodilation/blood flow
20
Q
Nitric oxide: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose
A
Gasotransmitters, both, learning/memory/smooth muscle relaxation
21
Q
Carbon monoxide: Class, inhibitory/excitatory
A
Gasotransmitters, both
22
Q
Diverging circuits: used for?
A
Skeletal muscle activation
23
Q
Converging circuits used for?
A
memories (different stimuli cause same memory)
24
reverberating circuits used for?
sleep/wake cycle, breathing
25
Parallel after discharge circuit used for?
Math/complex mental processing (input reaches output cell at different times - burst of stimuli)
26
4 functions of CSF
1. Buoyancy
2. Protection from blows/traumas
3. Nourishes + carries chemical signals
4. Clears waste
27
Order of brain ventricles (with connections)
1. Lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
2. 3rd ventricle
cerebral aquaduct
3. 4th ventricle
exit brain
28
what part of the brain holds CSF? what is it lined with?
ventricles, ependymal cells
29
what part of brain produces CSF?
choroid plexus
30
Order of dural venous sinuses CSF reabsorption
1. Superior/inferior saggital sinuses (inferior -> straight sinus)
2. Transverse sinus
3. Sigmoid sinus
4.Internal jugular vein
31
Primary motor cortex: Location, function, arrangement, blood supply?
Precentral gyrus, controls precise movement (DOER)
Somatotopic arrangement: body parts that need more control (face/hands) take up more space in primary motor cortex
Middle cerebral artery
32
Premotor cortex: Location, function, blood supply?
Precentral gyrus (anterior to primary motor cortex), sends info to primary motor cortex (PLANNER), Anterior cerebral artery
33
Broca's area: Location, function (L/R sides), blood supply?
Anterior/inferior to premotor cortex, for right handed ppl:
Left side (verbal): speech (tongue movement)
Right side (non-verbal): speech modulation (rhythm), facial expressions
Middle cerebral artery
34
Frontal eye fields: Location, function, blood supply?
Anterior to premotor cortex (superior to Broca's area), Controls voluntary eye movement
Anterior cerebral artery
35
Primary somatosensory cortex: Location, function, arrangement, blood supply?
Postcentral gyrus, basic touch (something is touching me) + awareness of body in space, somatotopic arrangement
Middle cerebral artery (anterior cerebral artery for legs/feet)
36
Somatosensory association area: Location, function, blood supply?
Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex, size/texture/location of touch (what is touching me where)
Middle cerebral artery
37
Primary visual cortex: Location, function, blood supply?
Extreme posteiror tip of occipital lobe, Receives info from retinas (I can see something)
Middle/posterior cerebral artery
38
Visual association centre: Location, function, 2 streams, blood supply?
Surrounds primary visual cortex (back of head, inside calacrine sulcus), interprets visual stimuli (where/what do I see)
Dorsal stream: "where"
Ventral stream: "what"
Middle/posterior cerebral artery
39
Primary auditory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?
Superior margin of temporal bones, pitch/volume/location of sound (I hear something from somewhere)
Middle cerebral artery
40
Auditory association area: Location, function, blood supply?
Posterior to primary auditory cortex, stores sound memories (what do I hear?)
Middle cerebral artery
41
Olfactory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?
medial aspect of temporal bones, SMELL
Posterior cerebral artery
42
Gustatory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?
Insula (deep to temporal lobe), TASTE
Middle cerebral artery
43
Visceral sensory area: Location, function, blood supply?
Posterior to gustatory cortex, PAIN (though not specific to location of pain)
Mddle cerebral artery
44
Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex): Location, function, blood supply?
Frontal lobe, most complicated cortical region: maturity, personality, intellect
Not developed until 25 years old
Anterior cerebral artery
45
Posterior association area: Location, sub-area, function (of it + sub-area), blood supply?
Temporal/parietal/occipital lobes, facial recognition/localizing us in space
Sub-area: Wernickes area- understanding written and spoken language
Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces
Middle cerebral artery
46
3 parts of limbic system?
Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
47
Amygdala: functions?
Respond to perceived threats + emotional memories
48
Cingulate gyrus: functions?
Respond to perceived threats, emotion-based gestures, resolves mental frustration
49
Hippocampus: functions?
learning, memory, emotion
50
3 Parts of diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
51
Thalamus: Location, function
3rd ventricle, BIG INFO RELAY CENTER: sorts, edits, receives information from all over brain
52
Hypothalamus: Location, function
3rd ventricle (under thalamus),
4 Fs: feeding, fearing, fighting, fornication
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Epithalamus: Location, function
most posterior part of diencephalon, Contains pineal gland: melatonin secretion
54
3 parts of brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
55
Midbrain: location, functions (2 main components)
Between diencephalon and pons,
Superior colliculi: visual reflex
Inferior colliculi: auditory relay centers
56
Pons: location, function
Fourth ventricle, breathing
57
Medulla oblongata: location, function
Joins spine at foramen magnum,
Autonomic reflex centres
1. Cardiovasuclar: heart rate/force, blood pressure
2. Respiratory: rate/depth of breathing
3. Additional: vomiting, hiccups, cough/sneeze, swallowing
58
Cerebellum: location, functions
Posterior to pons/medulla,
Timing/patterns of muscle contraction
blueprint for coordinated movement
word association/puzzle solving
59
Factors affecting memory transfer from STM -> LTM
Emotional state
Repetition/practice
Association (new info with old memories)
60
2 types of memories:
Declarative
Non-declarative
61
Declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?
Concsious thought, stored with context
Ach
62
Non-declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?
Less conscious/uncounsious, learned by doing, hard to forget, dopamine
63
Non-declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?
Less/uncounsious, learned by doing, hard to forget
Dopamine
64
Direct circuits: Dopamine excites or inhibits?
Excites
65
Indirect cirucits: Dopamine excites or inhibits?
Inhibits
66
Difference in protection of spinal cord vs protection of brain
Dura mater is fused to bone in brain, not fused in spinal cord
Epidural space (fat filled) fills space between dura mater and spinal cord in spine
67
Ventral horns: gray/white, sensory/motor, afferent/efferent?
gray
motor
efferent
68
Dorsal horns: gray/white, sensory/motor, afferent/efferent?
gray
sensory
afferent
69
2 ascending pathways:
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)
Spinothalmic pathway
70
DCML: sense, synapse/crossover location?
Touch/vibrations
Medulla oblongata
71
Spinothalmic pathway: sense, synapse/crossover location?
pain/temperature
@ point of entry to spinal cord (immediately)
72
Descending pathway:
corticospinal pathway
73
Corticospinal pathway: effects, crossover location
Skeletal muscle movement
85% crossover in medulla
15% crossover @ ventral root of exit (location of 1st synapse)
74
What acivates reticular activating system to wake you up?
Orexins
75
Nociceptors: general feeling, 2 types, specific feeling for each
Pain
Type A (myelinated): fast pain, sharp
Type C (unmyelinated): slow pain, throbbing
76
Thermoreceptors: feeling
temperature
77
Chemoreceptors: detect?, specific feeling
detect water/lipid-sulobule substances
ITCH (histamines)
78
Mechanoreceptors: 3 types
Proprioceptors, Baroreceptors, Tactile receptors
79
Proprioceptors: sense
position of body in space
80
Baroreceptors: sense
Pressure changes (ex. blood pressure)
81
Tactile receptors: sense
touch/pressure/vibration
82
Merkel's discs: depth, adapting speed
Superficial, slow adapting
83
Meissner's corpuscles: depth, adapting speed
superficial, fast adapting
84
Pacinian corpuscles: depth, adapting speed
deep, fast adapting
85
Ruffini's endings: depth, adapting speed
Deep, slow adapting
86
Phasic adapters: fast/slow adapting, send signals when?
Fast.
Beginning + end of stimulus
87
Tonic adapters: fast/slow adapting, send signals when?
Slow
Throughout stimulus
88
Two paths of pain impulse:
A fibres (thinly myelinated), C fibres (unmyelinated)
89
A fibres release which neurotransmitter
Glutamate
90
C fibres release which neurotransmitters?
Glutamate + Substance P
91
What is the result of (highly) painful stimulus?
Inhibition of inhibotry pain pathway = strong pain sensation
92
What is the result of non-painful stimulu
Activation of inhibitory pain pathway = less pain sensation
93
4 steps of nerve fiber regen in PNS
1. Axon is fragmented at injury site, myelin is removed
2. Macrophages clean out dead axon
3. Schwann cells provide regeneration tube for new axon
4. Axon regenerates, Schwann cell myelinates axon
94
What is the acronym for the cranial nerves?
Oh oh oh to touch and feel a girl's very soft hand
95
What is the acronym for the eye muscle nerves
LR6SO4, the rest 3
Lateral reticular: VI (abducens)
Superior oblique: IV (trochlear)
96
What is the acronym for motor vs sensory cranial nerves?
Some say money matters, but my brother says big brains matter more
97
Cranial nerve I: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
Olfactory, sensory: smell, cribriform plate
98
Cranial nerve II: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
Optic, sensory: sight, optic canal
99
Cranial nerve III: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?
Oculomotor, motor: moves most of eye + eyelid, superior orbital fissure
Tested: eye drooping/eye focus
100
Cranial nerve IV: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
trochlear, motor: superior oblique (down + lateral eye movement), superior orbital fissure
101
Cranial nerve V: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
trigeminal, both
V1: ophthalmic: sensory (forehead + orbits) Exit: superior orbital fissure
V2: mxillary: sensory Exit: foramen rotundum
V3: mandibular: sensory + motor Exit: foramen ovale
102
Cranial nerve VI: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
Abducens, motor: Lateral rectus (lateral eye movement)
Exit: superior orbital fissure
103
Cranial nerve VII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
facial nerves, both:
Sensory: taste (front 2/3 of tongue)
Motor: facial expresisons
Exit: internal acoustic meatus
104
Cranial nerve VIII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
Auditory, sensory: hearing
Exit skull: internal acoustic meatus
105
Cranial nerve IX: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?
glossopharyngeal, both
Sensory: taste (back 1/3 of tongue)
Motor: elevates pharynx during swallowing
Exit: jugular foramen
Tested: gag reflex
106
Cranial nerve X: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?
Vagus, both
Sensory: thoracic/abdominal viscera (organs)
Motor: PSNS to heart, lungs, abdominal viscera. Moves larynx/pharynx
Exit skull: jugular foramen
Tested: Gag reflex
107
Cranial nerve XI: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?
Spinal (accessory), motor: Sternocleidomastoid + trapezius
Exit skull: jugular foramen
Tested: shrug/turn head
108
Cranial nerve XII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull
Hypoglossal, motor: tongue (swallowing/speech)
Exit skull: hypoglossal canal
109
Main nerve of Cervical plexus + what muscle does it innervate
Phrenic Nerve, Diaphragm
110
Brachial plexus: acronym + draw it
Three Ys Men go bowling, one gets a STRIXE (X), one gets a SPARE \
111
Roots, Trunks, Chords, Branches
C5-C8, T1
Upper, middle, lower
Lateral, Posterior, Medial
Axillary, Radial, Musculotaneous, Medial, Ulnar
112
Axillary nerve: does what
moves shoulder
113
Radial nerve: does what
extends elbow + wrist
114
Musculutaneous nerve: does what
flexes elbow + wrist
115
Medial nerve: does what CONFIRM THIS
THUMB + hand flexing
116
Ulnar nerve: does what CONFIRM THIS
hand flexing
117
Neck + arms are innervated by which groups of nerves?
Cervical + thoracic
118
Legs innervated by which group of nerves?
Lumbar
119
alpha motor neurons: which muscle fibre (intra/extrafusal), what do they do
extrafusal, cause contraction
120
gamma motor neurons: which muscle fibre, what do they do
intrafusal, "tuned" to adjust sensitivity
ESSENTIAL for continued muscle contraction
121
Intrinsic reflexes: learned when? voluntary?
Present from birth, predictable, involuntary
122
Learned reflexes: aqcuired how?
from practice/repetition
123
Patellar tendon reflex: reciprocal inhibition/activation, explain steps
reciprocal inhibition
1. Muscle spindles excited by patellar tap
2. Afferent impulses to spinal cord -> reflex arc
3. Alpha (lower) motor neurons: excite quad muscle
4. Interneurons: inhibit antagonist muscles
124
Golgi tendon reflex: reciprocal inhibition/activation, used when, steps
reciprocal activation
used when muscle is overstretched, to prevent injury
1. muscle is overstretched, golig tendon activated
2. afferent impulse to interneurons in spinal cord
3. Stretched muscle relaxes
4. Antagonist muscle contracts
- info to cerebellum to andjust tension
125
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex: which muscles are activated/inhibited
Painful stimulus
extensors inhibited
flexors activated
126
Crossed extensor reflex: what happens
stimulated limb flexes
contralateral limb extends
127
Superficial reflexes: specific example, what's a good sign, who is it used on
Babinski's sign: scratch bottom of foot
Toes flex: good in adults (extend in infants is okay)
Used on comatose patients
128
Parasympathetic system: what type of responses, preganglionic/postganglionic short/long + neurotransmitter(s) released, short or long-lived?
Rest + digest
preganglionic: long, Ach released
postganglionic: short, Ach released
Short lived, controlled effect
129
Sympathetic system: what type of responses, preganglionic/postganglionic short/long + neurotransmitter(s) released, short or long-lived?
Fight + flight
preganglionic: short, Ach released
Postganglionic: long, Norepinephrine released (Ach released to sweat glands/muscle blood vessels)
Long-lived, body-wide effect
130
Steps of: option 1- same level synapse (SNS)
signal leaves lateral horn
enters white ramus comminicans
synapses in sympathetic trunk ganglion (same level)
exits through gray ramus communicans
travels through ventral ramus to effector
131
Steps of: option 2- higher/lower level synapse (SNS)
signal leaves ventral horn
enters white ramus communicans
travels up/down sympathetic trunk ganglion, synapses
exits through gray ramus communicans
travel through ventral ramus to effector
132
Steps of: option 3- anterior to vertebral column synapse (SNS)
signal leaves horn
enters white ramus communicans
travels through sympathetic trunk ganglion to effector in front of PNS
**skips gray ramus communicans**
133
2 types of fibres that release neurotransmitters in ANS:
Cholinergic
Adrenergic
134
Cholinergic fibres: release what neurotransmitter
Ach (PSNS pre/post ganglionic, SNS preganglionic (and postganglionic to sweat glands + muscle blood vessels)
135
Adrenergic fibres: release what neruotransmitters
Norepinephrine + epinephrine (SNS postganglionic)
136
2 types of cholinergic receptors: excited or inhibited?
Nicotinic: excited by Ach
Muscarinic: inhibited/excited by Ach
137
Adrenergic receptors: 2 main types, excited or inhibted?
Alpha: excited by NE/E
Beta: inhibted by NE/E (except heart)
138
Alpha adrenergic receptors: alpha 1, alpha 2 what do they control
A1: blood pressure (increase)
A2: reduce insulin production, increase blood clotting
139
Beta adrenergic receptors: B1,2,3 wha do they control
B1: heart (excitatory, increases contraction strength/rate)
B2: lungs (inhibitory, relaxes lungs, lets more air in)
B3: energy release (inhibitory)
140
PSNS tone: organs dominated by PSNS
heart, PSNS brings down heart rate
141
SNS tone: organs/functions dominated by SNS
smooth muscle of blood vessel walls (SNS keeps them contracted, maintains blood pressure)
also: sweating, kidney renin release, blood pressure, metabolic effects
