integumentary system

Question 1

Genetic factors

Answer 1

1. Varying amount of melanin (protein that darkens in sunlight)
2. Varying amount of melanin granules (we all have the same number of melanosomes but not all are transferred to keratinocytes)

Question 2

Environmental factors

Answer 2

1. Sunlight
2. UV light from sunlamps
3. X-rays

Question 3

Physiological factors

Answer 3

1. Dilation of dermal blood vessels (this happens when you are hot and it helps to cool you down)
2. Constriction of dermal blood vessels (slap to the face starts with brightness to face first à constriction makes the skin bright)
3. Accumulation of carotene
4. Jaundice (babies that are yellow à liver immature and cannot break drown bilirubin)

Question 4

functions

Answer 4

1. secretion + absorption
2. immune function
3. temp regulation
4. protection
5. sensory function
6. metabolic regulation

Question 5

basic order

Answer 5

epidermis –> dermis –> subcutaneous layer

Question 6

epidermis

Answer 6

1. avascular
2. stratified squamous
3. has 5 layers (but most portions of the body only have 4)
4. has sweat glands

Question 7

stratum basale

Answer 7

1. deepest layer of epithelium
2. single layer of cudoidal w wavy membrane
3. contains MELANOCYTES, KERATINOCYTES, AND TACTILE CELLS

Question 8

melanocyte

Answer 8

creates melanin, looks like a spider

Question 9

keratinocyte

Answer 9

contains kertain, tightly packed by desmosomes,

Question 10

tactile cell

Answer 10

sensory nerve cells so one can feel things on skin

Question 11

stratum spinosum

Answer 11

the prickly/spiny layer, cells become flatter

Question 12

stratum lucidum

Answer 12

ONLY ON PALMS AND SOLES, translucent layer, cells have no organelles

Question 13

stratum corneum

Answer 13

top layer, waterproof

Question 14

hemoglobin

Answer 14

O2 binding protein that makes rbcs red

Question 15

carotene

Answer 15

yellow/orange pigment in vegetables that can make the skin orange/yellowish

Question 16

cyanosis

Answer 16

results from poor oxygenation of the blood (skin/nail beds appear blue ish)

Question 17

pallor (blanching)

Answer 17

results of stress, fear, anger, anemia, and/or hypertension

Question 18

nevus

Answer 18

a mole, overgrowth of melanocytes

Question 19

freckles

Answer 19

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

Question 20

hemangioma

Answer 20

benign bb tumor, gives red color to area

Question 21

friction ridges

Answer 21

FOUND ON FINGERTIPS, LARGE FOLDS AND VALLEYS

Question 22

dermis

Answer 22

1. houses sebaceous glands and hair follicles
2. composed of DENSE IRREGULAR CT (*note for immune defense- fibroblasts, macrophages, wbcs)
3. very vascular
4. houses sensory receptors and many proteins

Question 23

striae

Answer 23

stretch mark

Question 24

papillary layer of dermis

Answer 24

areolar CT, epidermal ridges, 20%

Question 25

reticularlayer

Answer 25

deepest layer, dense irregular ct, 80%

Question 26

hypodermis

Answer 26

aka the subcutaneous layer, not part of the "true skin", protects, stores energy, and insulates, common location for medicine transfers via shot

Question 27

unguis

Answer 27

structure on nail, assists in grasping objects

Question 28

eponychium (cuticlke)

Answer 28

narrow band of epidermis from margin of nail wall onto nail body, very thin and dead but right underneath

Question 29

lanugo

Answer 29

fine, unpigmented,downy hair

Question 30

vellus

Answer 30

fine, pale hair (upper arms and lower limbs)

Question 31

terminal hair

Answer 31

coarser and more pigmented hair (eyelash, eyebrow, beard)

Question 32

medulla- central core (hair)

Answer 32

lots of hair, remnant of matrix, flexible and soft keratin

Question 33

cortex- surrounds medulla

Answer 33

tightly packed cells that are flattened, relatively hard

Question 34

cuticle

Answer 34

layer around cortex (overlapping cells)

Question 35

sweat gland

Answer 35

apocrine or merocrine

Question 36

holocrine secretion

Answer 36

destroys gland cell by them bursting from having too much within them, starts during puberty

Question 37

merocrine

Answer 37

most abundant and widely distributed, found everywhere, secretions directly onto skin surface, 99% water, sweat is salty

Question 38

diaphoresis

Answer 38

sweating with wetness of skin (exercise)

Question 39

apocrine

Answer 39

secretions into hair follicles in armpits, puberty, produces viscous cloudy secretions, has an odor

Question 40

ceruminous gland

Answer 40

creates waterproof ear wax

Question 41

calcitrol

Answer 41

helps the body absorb calcium and phosphate from diet to regulate blood calcium levels

Question 42

thick skin

Answer 42

all five layers, sweat glands, NO SEBACEOUS GLANDS/HAIR FOLLICLES)

Question 43

what cells are found in all layers?

Answer 43

keratinocytes

Question 44

stratum granulosum

Answer 44

grainy, 2-5 cell layers thick

Question 45

hair bulb

Answer 45

surrounds hair papillae, composed of CT, nerve endings surround it

Question 46

root

Answer 46

zone of hair from bulb to skin surface

Question 47

arrector pili muscles

Answer 47

involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair follicle that causes reactions to temperature and fear