INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Largest system of the body
A
Integumentary System
2
Q
What are the two parts of the integumentary system?
A
epidermis and dermis
3
Q
The layer between the epidermis and dermis and where the epidermis is attached.
A
Basement membrane
4
Q
True or False. The epidermis has a direct blood and nerve supply.
A
False
5
Q
The epidermis is lined with what epithelium?
A
Kerainized stratified squamous epithelium
6
Q
What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?
A
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Langerhans cells
- Merkel cells
7
Q
What cells produces keratin and is the most numerous cell in the epidermis?
A
Keratinocytes
8
Q
Most numerous protein in the skin
A
Keratin
9
Q
Most numerous protein on the body
A
Collagen
10
Q
These cells produces melanin and are very susceptibe to UV rays.
A
Melanocytes
11
Q
Melanocytes originated from embryonic cells known as
A
neural crest cells
12
Q
True or False. The nucleus of melanocytes are located away from the UV rays.
A
True
very susceptible to UV rays; producing melanin to protect the nucleus
13
Q
2 kinds of melanin
A
- Pheomelanin
- Eumelanin
14
Q
Yellow-red melanin
A
Pheomelanin
15
Q
Brown-black melanin
A
Eumelanin
16
Q
They are considered as macrophage of the epidermis.
A
Langerhans cellls
17
Q
These cells are the least numerous in the epidermis. They are located in the Stratum basale.
A
Merkel cells
18
Q
Merkel cells contacts a sensory neuron called ________, and together detect what?
Merkel cells + _______ = ???
A
Merkel (tactile) discs; touch sensations
19
Q
The deepest layer of the epidermis where mitotic activity of keratinocytes are highest and production of keratin immediate filaments occur.
A
Sratum basale
20
Q
What are the cells present in the stratum basale?
A
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
21
Q
This is the thickest layer of the epidermis. This is also called the “pricke cell” or “spiny” layer.
A
Stratum spinosum
22
Q
True or False. Mitotic activity in the S. spinosum is high.
A
False
Decrease mitotic activity of keratinocytes
23
Q
What cells are present in the S. spinosum?
A
Langerhans cells
24
Q
Combination of S. basale and S. spinosum is known as?
A
Malphigian layer or Stratum germinativum
25
The layer where cells undergo apoptopis, no mitotic activity and there is cessation of tonofilament production. This layer also has no nutrients received.
Stratum granulosum
26
Granules of the S. granulosum that assembles tonofilaments to keratin
keratohyalin granules
27
A granule of the S. granulosum which is a layer of lipid that acts as water repellant
Lamellar granules
28
Found in thick skin and is also known as the "translucent layer" or "clear cell" layer
Stratum lucidum
29
The most numerous layer and also known as the "horny" layer.
Stratum corneum
30
Present here are dermal papillae and is the thinner layer of the dermis.
Papillary layer of the dermis
31
These are nipple-like projections towards the epidermis.
Dermal papillae
32
This is the major nutrient supplier of the skin and is thicker than the papillary layer.
Reticular layer of the dermis
33
Where is the reticular layer of the dermis attached?
subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
34
Mechanoreceptor for touch
Merkel discs or tactile discs
35
These mechanoreceptors are numerous in thick skin and are responsible for touch sensations.
Meissner corpuscles or Corpuscles of Touch
36
Function of the Ruffini corpuscles or Bulbous corpuscle
Hot and Stretch
37
Mechanoreceptor for Cold
End-bulb of Krause
38
Primary function of Pacinian corpuscles
Pressure
39
Secondary function of Pacinian corpuscles
Proprioception
40
Main receptor for proprioception found in joints
Proprioceptors
41
Mechanoreceptors for pain
1. Nociceptors
2. Free nerve endings or naked nerve
42
Sense of self-movement and body position
Proprioception
43
What molecule in the skin initiates the synthesis of Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight?
7-dehydrocholesterol
44
What type of ultraviolet light activates 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin?
UVB rays from the sun
45
What is 7-dehydrocholesterol converted into after exposure to UVB light?
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
| 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3
46
Where does Vitamin D3 go after being produced in the skin?
To the liver
47
What is Vitamin D3 converted into in the liver?
Calcidiol (inactive form)
48
Where is Calcidiol converted into Calcitriol?
In the kidney
49
What is the active form of Vitamin D called?
Calcitriol
50
What is another name for Calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D?
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
51
Which type of UV radiation is the most dangerous but mostly absorbed by the ozone layer?
UVC
52
What is the primary function of Vitamin D in the body?
To increase calcium absorption in the intestine
53
What organ produces Vitamin D?
Kidney
54
What pigment is absent in individuals with albinism?
Melanin
55
In albinism, what is abnormal: the number of melanocytes or their function?
Their function is abnormal (melanocyte count is normal)
56
What skin condition is caused by deficient melanin, often appearing as patchy depigmentation?
Vitiligo
57
What causes the bluish discoloration of skin seen in cyanosis?
Inadequate oxygen in the blood
58
Name a common symptom seen in conditions like erythroblastosis fetalis and congenital heart defects.
Cyanosis (blue baby syndrome)
59
What is erythroblastosis fetalis caused by?
Rh incompatibility (e.g., Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus)
## Footnote
Rh = rhesus factor
60
What congenital heart condition is a known cause of cyanosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot
61
What is methemoglobinemia?
A condition where there is accumulation of methemoglobin, a hemoglobin that cannot carry oxygen
62
Which local anesthetic is associated with causing methemoglobinemia?
Prilocaine
63
What type of muscle is responsible for "goosebumps"?
Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)
64
How do arrector pili muscles cause goosebumps?
They contract and pull on the hair follicles, causing the hair to stand on end
65
What is the term for partial or complete loss of hair?
Alopecia
66
What drug is commonly used to treat alopecia?
Minoxidil
67
What condition is characterized by excessive hair growth in localized areas?
Hirsutism
68
What is the condition called that involves generalized, excessive hair growth, sometimes called “Werewolf syndrome”?
Hypertrichosis
69
What is the mode of inheritance for hypertrichosis?
Y-linked inheritance
70
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum
71
What is the main function of sebum?
To prevent water from evaporating from the skin and to lubricate it
72
What is another name for sudoriferous glands?
Sweat glands
73
What do sudoriferous glands produce?
Sweat
74
Which type of sweat gland is found all over the body and produces sweat low in protein?
Eccrine sweat glands
75
Which type of sweat gland is found in the axilla, areola, and perianal areas and causes body odor?
Apocrine sweat glands
76
Why do apocrine gland secretions cause odor?
They are more protein-rich and viscous, making them prone to bacterial breakdown
77
Where are ceruminous glands located?
In the outer ear
78
What do ceruminous glands secrete?
Cerumen (earwax)
79
What condition is caused by Vitamin D or calcium deficiency after epiphyseal plate closure?
Osteomalacia
80
What condition is caused by Vitamin D or calcium deficiency before epiphyseal plate closure?
Rickets
81
What are common physical signs of rickets?
Bow legs and saber shin
82
What is another name for Vitamin D2?
Ergocalciferol
83
What is the source of Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)?
Plant cells
84
What is another name for Vitamin D3?
Cholecalciferol
85
What is the source of Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)?
Animal cells
86
What is photosensitivity?
A condition where the skin is sensitive to light, especially UV rays
87
Name two drugs commonly associated with photosensitivity.
1. Doxycycline
2. NSAIDs
88
What is another term for a scar?
Cicatrix
89
What is the process of scar formation called?
Cicatrization
90
What is another name for freckles?
Ephelis or Ephelides
91
What causes freckles (ephelides)?
Excessive melanin production
92
What is a mole or nevus?
A benign overgrowth of melanocytes
93
What is the “Rule of 9” used for?
To estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns
94
What is a blister?
A fluid-filled lesion on the skin
95
What is a large blister greater than 5 mm called?
Bulla (plural: bullae)
96
What is a small blister less than 5 mm called?
Vesicle
97
What is a cyst?
A fluid-filled, semi-fluid, or air-filled sac with a developed epithelial wall
98
What is a papule?
A small, nipple-like elevation of the skin less than 10 mm in diameter
99
What is a nodule?
A dome-shaped elevation of the skin greater than 10 mm in diameter
100
What are hives and what are they usually associated with?
Reddened, elevated, itchy patches of skin; typically from allergic reactions
101
What is the medical term for itching?
Pruritus
102
What is the common wart also known as?
Verruca vulgaris
103
What virus causes common warts?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
104
Which HPV types are most commonly associated with common warts?
HPV 2 and HPV 4
105
Which HPV types are associated with cervical cancer?
HPV 16 and HPV 18
106
What is a callus?
Abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum due to constant friction
107
What are dandruff flakes made of?
Excess keratinocytes shedding from the scalp
108
What is the acronym "SCALP" used to describe?
The layers of the scalp: Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum
109
What antifungal medication is commonly used to treat dandruff?
Ketoconazole
