Integumentary System

Question 1

Which vitamin is produced in the integumentary system?

Answer 1

vitamin D

Question 2

What are seven functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 2

protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion, immunity

Question 3

What are four structures that are part of the integument?

Answer 3

skin, hair, nails, glands

Question 4

What are the three layers of the skin?

Answer 4

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue

Question 5

What is the most superficial skin layer?

Answer 5

epidermis

Question 6

Which layer of the skin is technically not part of the skin but connects skin to underlying structures so is classified with them?

Answer 6

subcutaneous tissue

Question 7

Which skin layer lends structural strength to the skin?

Answer 7

dermis

Question 8

Which skin layer, dermis or epidermis, is vascular?

Answer 8

dermis

Question 9

How do cells in the epidermis get the nourishment they need for metabolism?

Answer 9

nutrients must diffuse from capillaries in the dermis, through the basement membrane, and into epidermis cells (epidermis cells farther from dermis less metabolically active)

Question 10

What are four types of cells in the epidermis?

Answer 10

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans’ cells, Merkel’s cells

Question 11

Which epidermal cells are specialized for sensation?

Answer 11

Merkel’s cells

Question 12

Is thick skin always literally thicker than thin skin?

Answer 12

No, thick or thin just refers to the number of layers

Question 13

How many epidermal cell layers are in thick skin and where are two places it is found?

Answer 13

five layers, found in palms, bottom of feet

Question 14

How many epidermal layers are in thin skin?

Answer 14

four

Question 15

What does it mean to say that epidermal cells desquamate?

Answer 15

they fall (slough) off

Question 16

It is usually not the _____ of melanocytes but the _______ of melanocytes that varies among people and leads to different skin shades.

Answer 16

number, metabolic production

Question 17

What are two pigments that contribute to skin color?

Answer 17

melanin, carotene

Question 18

_______ of melanin in the upper skin cells leads to pigmentation

Answer 18

endocytosis

Question 19

Which skin pigment is fat-soluble?

Answer 19

carotene

Question 20

What are ten structures found within the dermis skin layer?

Answer 20

fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes (some), blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels

Question 21

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 21

papillary, reticular

Question 22

What is the superficial layer of the dermis, filled with touch receptors and free nerve endings sensing pain?

Answer 22

papillary layer

Question 23

Many of the functional structures of the dermis (follicles, nerves, glands, ducts, etc) are in which layer of the dermis?

Answer 23

reticular

Question 24

The ______ dermis layer has a lot of areolar connective tissue with lots of elastic fibers, while the ______ dermis layer has dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

Answer 24

papillary, reticular

Question 25

What type of connective tissue is found in the subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 25

loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Question 26

What are two other names for the subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 26

hypodermis, superficial fascia

Question 27

About half the body's adipose tissue is found in the _______ tissue

Answer 27

subcutaneous

Question 28

What kind of blood supply goes into the hair bulb?

Answer 28

arterioles and venules

Question 29

What are the 3 concentric layers of the hair?

Answer 29

medulla (center), cortex (bulk), cuticle (surface)

Question 30

What is the average rate of hair growth per day?

Answer 30

0.3 mm

Question 31

What is the arrector pili muscle?

Answer 31

smooth muscle whose contraction cause the hair to "stand on end"

Question 32

Where do most of the skin's sebaceous glands empty?

Answer 32

into the hair follicle

Question 33

What is the purpose of the oily sebaceous gland secretions?

Answer 33

prevents drying, may inhibit bacteria

Question 34

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 34

merocrine (eccrine), apocrine

Question 35

Which sweat gland is the most common type?

Answer 35

merocrine (eccrine)

Question 36

______ sweat glands are active at puberty, secrete organic compounds that when broken down by bacteria lead to BO

Answer 36

apocrine

Question 37

______ sweat glands are compound coiled tubular glands that usually secrete into the hair follicle above the sebaceous gland opening

Answer 37

apocrine

Question 38

______ sweat glands are simple coiled tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin and have their own pores.

Answer 38

merocrine (eccrine)

Question 39

The final sweat product produced by merocrine glands is...

Answer 39

hyposmotic

Question 40

Where are ceruminous glands found and what do they secrete?

Answer 40

found in the external auditory meatus, secrete earwax (cerumen)

Question 41

Ceruminous glands are modified _______ sweat glands, while mammary glands are modified _____ sweat glands.

Answer 41

merocrine, apocrine

Question 42

Temperature regulation in the skin relies on what kind of feedback mechanism?

Answer 42

negative

Question 43

Vitamin D is a hormone called what?

Answer 43

calcitriol

Question 44

What is the effect of vitamin D?

Answer 44

increases the amount of Ca2+ (calcium) in blood

Question 45

What are 3 ways vitamin D (calcitriol) stimulates increased blood calcium levels?

Answer 45

stimulates Ca2+ (and PO42-) uptake from intestines, promotes Ca2+ (and PO42-) release from bones, reduces Ca2+ loss from kidneys