Integumentary System Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
The first hairs-__- are fine, soft and lightly pigmented
A
Lanugo
2
Q
Some capillaries acquire muscular coats through the differentiation of ___ developing int he surrounding mesenchyme, and they become what
A
Myoblasts
Arterioles, arteries, venues, and veins
3
Q
Permanent third molar
A
13-25 years
4
Q
Lanugo begins to appear toward the end of the _ week and is plentiful by _ to _ weeks
A
12
17-20
5
Q
Eccrine gland secretions begin when? Apocrine sweat gland secretions begin when?
A
Shortly after birth
Puberty
6
Q
The central core of loosely arranged cells between he layers of the enamel epithelium is the __ __(__ __)
A
Enamel retinaculum (stellate retinaculum0
7
Q
Deciduous canine:
A
Erupt 16-20 mo
She’d 10-12 yrs
8
Q
Deciduous:second molar
A
Erupt 20-24 mo
Shed-10-12 yrs
9
Q
Congenital absence of one or more teeth is often a __ trait
A
Familial
10
Q
During the late fetal period, the epidermis at the site of origin of the primordial mammary gland becomes depressed, forming a shallow __ ___
A
Mammary pit
11
Q
The melanin produced by melanocytes is transferred tot he hair forming cells int he __ ___ several weeks before birth
A
Germinal matrix
12
Q
Molecular studies indicate that melanocyte-stimulating hormone cell surface receptor and melanosomal _-protein determining the degree of pigmentation by regulating __ ___ levels and activity
A
P
Tyrosine kinase
13
Q
The ___ is a superficial epithelial tissue that is derived from __ __ ___
A
Epidermis
Surface embryonic ectoderm
14
Q
Permanent canine
A
Erupt 1-12 yrs
15
Q
The arrector msucles are poorly developed int he hairs of the __ and certain parts of the __
A
Axilla
Face
16
Q
Deciduous:lateral incisor
A
Erupt 8-10 mo
She’d 7-8 yrs
17
Q
Later the melanoblasts migrate to the dermoepidermal junction and differentiate into ____
A
Melanocytes
18
Q
Capillary loops develop in some of the dermal ridges and do what
A
Provide nourishment for the epidermis
19
Q
The hemolysis associated with hemolytic disease of the neonate may produce- to _ discoloration of the teeth
A
Blue
Black
20
Q
Polymastia
A
Extra breast
21
Q
The periodontal ligament is derived from ___
A
NCC
22
Q
At first, the developing nail is covered by superficial layers of epidermis, the ___
A
Eponychium
23
Q
As each tooth bud is invaginated by mesenchyme, the primordium of the dental __ and dental __-the bud becomes cap chapped
A
Papilla
Follicle
24
Q
The ectodermal part of the developing tooth, the __ organ, eventually produces __
A
Enamel
Enamel
25
Proliferation of cells in the stratum germinativum also produces __ __, which extend into the developing dermis
Epidermal ridges
26
True angiomas as _ tumors of endothelial cells, usually composed of solid or hollow cords; hollow cords contain blood
Benign
27
Sebaceous glands , independent of hair follicles, develop in a similar manner as buds of the ___ that invade the ___
Epidermis
| Dermis
28
As the dentin increases, it reduces the pulp cavity to a narrow __ __ through which the vessels and nerve pass
Root canal
29
Teeth develop from the oral ___, ___ and ___
Ectoderm
Mesenchyme
NCC
30
The thickening, U shaped bands -___ __- follow the curves of the primordial jaws
Dental laminae
31
The blood vessels int he dermis differentiate from mesenchyme by ___
Vasculogenesis
32
In enamel hypoplasia, various factors may injure ameloblasts such as what
Nutritional defiencies, tetracycline therapy, and infectious disease
33
Macrodontia
Condition caused by the union of two adjacent tooth germs
Crowns of the two teeth can be partially of completely fused
Same applies to roots
34
The permanent teeth develop in a manner similar to that described for the deciduous teeth. As a permanent tooth grows, the root of the corresponding deciduous tooth is gradually resorted by ___
Osteoclasts
35
Glands are derived from the __ and grow into the __
Epidermis
| Dermis
36
At puberts in females, Growth of the duct and lobe systems also occurs because ofthe increased level of circulating __ and ___
Estrogen
| Progesterone
37
In the axillary and pubic regions, the lanugo is replaced at ___ by even courser __ __
Puberty
| Terminal hairs
38
As the root of the tooth grows its crown gradually erupts through the oral epithelium
The part of the oral mucosa around the erupted crown becomes the gingiva
39
Dermatoglyphics
Looking at finger prints
40
The central cells of the alveoli break down , forming an oily secretion ___
Sebum
41
The outer cell layer of the enamel organ is the ___ enamel epithelium, whereas the inner cell layer lining the cap is the __ enamel epithelium
Outer
| Inner
42
Hair begins to develop during the _ to _ weeks, but become recognizable in the _ week
9, 12
| 20
43
The hair grows through the epidermis on the eyebrows and the upper lip by the end of the _ week
12
44
Why does albinism occur
Melanocytes do not produce melanin because of a lack of the enzyme, tyrosinase
45
The dermis develops from __ underlying the surface ectoderm
Mesenchyme
46
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Common in Caucasian’s
| Teeth are brown to gray blue, with an opalescent sheen
47
Deciduous:medial incisor
Erupt 6-8 mo
| She’d 6-7 yrs
48
Odontogenesis is initiated by the inductive influence of the what
Neural crest-induced mesenchyme int he overlying ectoderm
49
In males, where do they also get terminal hairs at puberty
Face and chest
50
In females the mammary glands enlarge rapidly during __. Why
Puberty
| Fat and other CT development int he breasts under the influence of estrodiol
51
The mammary crests appear during the _ week but normally persist only int he pectoral area where the breasts develop
4
52
The tooth buds for the permanent teeth appear at _ weeks fromt he deep continuations of the dental laminae
10
53
What is the periodontal ligament
Specialized vascular CT that surrounds the root of the tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone
54
The pattern of epidermal ridges that develop on the surface of palms and hands and soles of the feet is __ determined, and constitutes the basis for examining fingerprints (_)
Genetically
| Dermtoglyphics
55
As enamel increases, the ameloblasts regress toward the __ enamel epithelium
Outer
56
At the end of the _ year, all 20 deciduous teeth are usually present
2
57
The relative contents of melanin in the melanocytes accounts for the different colors of skin
Yup
58
The buds for the second and third permanent molars develop __ birth
After
59
The mandibular medial incisors-or _ incisors-usually erupt 6-8 months after birth, but maybe not until 12-13 months in some
Central incisors
60
What causes amelogenesis imperfecta
Mutational defects of genes that encode for enamel, dentin, and mineralization
61
What is the first indication fo toothe development
Thickening of the oral epithelium , a derivative of the surface ectoderm seen during the sixth week
62
A child’s dentition contain _ deciduous teeth
20
63
Later, the predentin calcified and becomes __
Dentin
64
Angioma
Vascular anomalies in which transitory and/our surplus blood or lymphatic vessels persist
65
Approximately 90% of males with __ syndrome have gynecomastia
Klinefelter
66
The peripheral cells of the developing hair follicle form the __ __ __ and the surrounding mesenchymal cells differentiate into the __ ___ _
Epidermal root sheath
| Dermal root sheath
67
Toenails and fingernails begin to develop at the tips of the digits at approximately _ weeks
10
68
The mammary bud grows down into the mesenchyme as a response to an __ influence of the mesenchyme
Inductive
69
After birth, increased amounts of melanin are produced in response to _ light
UV
70
Permanent lateral incisor
Erupt 8-9 yrs
71
The epidermal ridges begin to appear in embryos at _ weeks are are permanently established at __ weeks
10
| 17
72
The basal layer of the epidermis becomes the __ __, which produces new cells that are displaced into the more superficial layers
Stratum germinativum
73
Each dental lamina develops _ centers of proliferation from which tooth buds grow into underlying ___
10
| Mesenchyme
74
The primordium of the epidermis is the __ ___
Surface ectoderm
75
Cells of the inner enamel epithelium differentiate into ___, which produce enamel in the form of prisms over the dentin
Ameloblasts
76
As skin grows, new capillaries grow out from the primordial vessels (_)
Angiogenesis
77
What are neonate nipples like
Poorly formed and depressed
78
In amelogenesis the teeth are covered with only a thin layer of abnormally formed enamel through which the color of the underlying dentin is visible, giving the teeth a darkened appearance
Rare AD condition
79
Inheritance of dentinogenesis imperfecta
AD
80
What causes enamel hypoplasia
Temporary disturbances of enamel formation
81
Herlequin ichthyosis
```
Rare
AR
Mutation in ABCA12
Skin thickened, ridged, and cracked
70% die early
```
82
The periodontal ligament is located between what
Cement or the root and the bony alveolus
83
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Tooth enamel is soft and friable bc of hypocalcifciation and the teeth are yellow to brown in color
84
Supernumerary nipples may be mistaken for __
Moles
85
All ___ are extensively incorporated into the teeth
Tetracyclines
86
Canalizations of the mammary buds is induced by what
Maternal sex hormones entering the fetal circulation
87
Together, the dental papillla and enamel organ form the __ __
Tooth germ
88
The inner cells of the dental sac differentiate into ____, which produce cement that is restricted to the root
Cementoblasts
89
What is sebum
Substances released into hair follicle and passes to the surface of the skin. It mixes with desquamated peridermal cells to form the vernix caseosa
90
The hair bulb is soon __ by a small mesenchymal hair papilla
Invaginated
91
The cells in the surface ectoderm proliferate and form a layer of ___ epithelium, the __ and a __ layer
Squamous
Periderm
Basal
92
Generalized albinism
AR
| Sin hair and retina lack pigment
93
The permanent molars have no deciduous predecessors;they develop as buds from posterior extensions of the __ __
Dental laminae
94
When do secretions from apocrine glands start
Puberty
95
What forms enamel pearls
Aberrant groups of emaloblasts
96
The mesenchymal cells in the dental papilla adjacent to the inner enamel epithelium differentiate into ___, which produce ___ and deposit it adjacent to the epithelium
Odontoblasts
| Predentin
97
The epithelial root sheath grows into the mesenchyme and initiates __ formation
Root
98
The peripheral cells of the secretory part of the sweat gland differentiate into ___ and ___ cells
Myoepithelial
| Secretory
99
The root of the tooth begins to develop after dentin and enamel formation is well __
Advanced
100
As a result, the ducts of apocrine sweat glands open into the upper part of the hair follicles, superficial to the openings of the __ __
Sebaceous glands
101
Permanent :medial incisor
Erupt 7-8 yrs
102
The skin is characterized by __ and ___ , in ichthyosis
Dryness and scaling
103
The buds grow into the surrounding CT and branch to form the primordia of the ___ and their associated ducts
Alveoli
104
__/__ signaling also regulated many’s tage of tooth development
Wnt/B catenin
105
Enamel hypoplasia
Defective enamel formation causes pits, fissures, or both in the enamel of the teeth
106
The epithelial attachment of the developing sweat gland tot he epidermis forms the primordium of the __ __
Sweat duct
107
The enamel is completely formed on all but the third molars by _ years of age
8
108
Mammary buds begin to develop during the _ week as solid downgrowths of the epidermis into the underlying mesenchyme
6
109
Abnormally shaped teeth common?
Yup
110
Enamel overlies the yellowing dentin and does what
Protects it from being fractured
111
In macrodontia, occasionally a tooth bud divides or two buds partially fuse to form fused teeth
Commonly observed int he mandibular incisors of the primary dentition, but it can also occur in the permanent dentition
112
What does the integumentary system insist of
Skin and its appendages (nail, hair, sebaceous glands, and arrector msucles of hairs)
Mammary glands and teeth
113
Tooth development occurs for __ after birth
Years
114
Tooth buds develop into the __ teeth, which are shed during childhood
Deciduous
115
Tetracyclines produce brownish-yellow discoloration (mottling) and enamel hypoplasia bc they interfere with the metabolic processes of the ____
Ameloblasts
116
Cystic lymphangioma
| Cystic hygromas
Angioma of lymphatics
117
Lanugo is replaced during the perinatal period by coarser hairs that persist over __ of the body
Most
118
The mammary glands develop similarly and are of the same structure in both sects
Ok
119
Permanent Second premolar
11-12 yrs
120
Permanent second molar
Erupt 12 yrs
121
The internal part of each cap-shaped tooth, the dental ___, is the primordium of the dental pulp
Papilla
122
As the deciduous teeth develop, they begin a continuous slow movement toward the oral cavity.
Ok
123
Where are supernumerary teeth usually
Int he area of the maxillary incisors and may disrupt the position and eruption of normal teeth
Usually erupt posterior to normal teeth
124
The hairs forming the eyebrows and eyelashes(cilia) have what kind of arrector msucles
NO ARRECTOR MSUCLES
125
The exfoliated peridermal cells form part of a white, greasy substance-__ __-that covers the fetal skin
Vernix caseosa
126
The primordia of the nails appear as thickened areas, or fields, of the epidermis at the tip of each digit
Later these nail fields migrate onto the dorsal surface carrying their innervation from the ventral surface.
127
As the cellular bud elongates, its ends coil to form the primordium of the __ part of the gland
Secretory
128
Enamel pearls
Spherical masses of enamel attached to the tooth
129
Replacement of the peridermal cells continues until approximately the 21st week;thereafter, the periderm __ and the stratum corneum forms the __ __
Disappears
| Stratum Lucidum
130
The skin under the free margin of the nail is the _____
Hyponychium
131
Arrector msucles of hairs, small bundles of smooth muscle fibers, differentiate from the mesenchyme surrounding the hair follicle and attach to the dermal root sheath and the papillary layer of the dermis
Ok
132
The mammary buds develop from ___ ___, which are thickened strips of ____ extending fromt he axillary to the inguinal regions
Mammary crests
| Ectoderm
133
Foreign substance discolor teeth if they are incorporated into he developing enamel and dentin.
Discolored teeth
134
What is the embryonic skin at 4-5 weeks
Single layer of surface ectoderm overlying mesoderm
135
As the enamel organ differentiates, the developing tooth becomes _ shaped
Bell
136
Each primary mammary bud soon gives rise to several secondary mammary buds that develop into the __ __ and their branches
Lactiferous ducts
137
What is total anodontia associated with
Congenital ectodermal dysplasia
138
Cells from the proximal nail fold grow over the nail field and __ to form the nail plate
Keratinize
139
The lanugo help holds the __ on the skin
Vernix
140
Ichthyosis
General term for a group of skin disorders resulting from excessive keratinization
141
What is cement
Bone like, rigid CT covering the root of the tooth.
142
The melanocytes begin producing __ before birth and distribute it to the epidermal cells
Melanin
143
The mammary glands are modified and highly specialized types of _ glands
Sweat
144
Development of _nails precedes _nails by 4 weeks
Finger
| Toe
145
The mandibular teeth usually erupt before the maxillary teeth. And __ teeth usually erupt sooner
Female
146
The fibrous CT and fat of the mammary gland develop from the surrounding ____
Mesenchyme
147
Usually, eruption of the deciduous teeth occurs between _ and _ months after birth
6
| 24
148
Some fibers of the periodontal ligament are embedded int he _ of the root;other fibers are embedded int he __ __ of the alveolus
Cement
| Bony wall
149
When he deciduous tooth is shed, it consists only of the crown and the cervical, or uppermost part of the root
The permanent teeth usually begin to erupt during the 6th year and continue to appear until early adulthood
150
Normal gynecomastiA
IN NEONATES bc of stimulation of the mammary glands by maternal sex hormones
Disappears in a few weeks
151
Polythelia associated with what
Congenital defects, including renal and urinary tract anomalies
152
The tooth is held in its ___ by the strong periodontal ligament, a derivative of the __ ___
Alveolus
| Dental sac
153
The dental sac is the primordium of what
Cement and periodontal ligament
154
The nail fields are surrounded laterally and proximally by folds of the epidermis -___ __
Nail folds
155
As the teeth develop and the jaws ossify, the outer cells of the dental sac also become active in bone formation
Each tooth soon becomes surrounded by bone, except over its crown
156
Sensory nerve endings form in other ridges. The developing afferent nerve fibers apparently play an important role in what
Spatial and temporal sequence of dermal ridge formation
157
The fingernails reach the fingertips at _ weeks;the toenails reach the tips of the toe at _ weeks
32 36
158
Soon after birth, the nipples usually rise from the __ ___. Why
Mammary pits
| Proliferation of the surrounding CT of the areola
159
Maxillary lateral incisor teeth may have a slender , tapered shape
Peg shaped teeth
160
For tooth discoloration(tetracycline), The critical period of risk is from approximately _ weeks of fetal life to the _ postnatal month for deciduous teeth and from _ weeks of fetal like to _ postnatal year for permanent teeth
14 10
| 14 16
161
Angiomas of blood vessels ma be:
Arterial
Venous
Cavernous
162
During puberty, approximately 2/3 of males have varying degrees of __ of breasts
Hyperplasia
163
Partial anodontia
On or more teeth absent
164
As the epidermal ridges form, the dermis projects into the epidermis, forming __ __
Dermal papillae
165
Who should not be administered tetracycline
Pregnant women
| Children younger than 8
166
There are _ tooth buds in each jaw, one for each deciduous tooth
10
167
As cells in the germinal matrix proliferate, they are pushed toward the surface, where they ___ to form __ __
Keratinization
| Hair shafts
168
This process continues until late gestation and by term, how many lactiferous ducts have formed
15-20
169
Total anodontia
No teeth
| Rare
170
By 11 weeks, cells from the stratum germinativum have formed an ___ layer
Intermediate
171
Apocrine sweat glands develop from downgrowths of the __ __ or the epidermis that give rise to the hair follicles
Stratum germinativum
172
What causes dentinogenesis imperfecta
Failure of the odontoblasts to differentiate normally producing poorly calcified dentin
173
Expression of what in the migrating NCC and ectoderm and mesenchyme is essential for the initiation of tooth development
MSX and Dlh(these two are HOX)
| BMP, Tnf, Wnt, Shh, and FgF
174
The enamel is derived from ___ and the oral cavity; all other tissue differentiate fromt he surrounding mesenchyme and NCC
Ectoderm
175
The odontoblasts adjacent to the epithelial root sheath form dentin that is continuous with that of the __
Crown
176
Polythelia
Extra nipple
177
In dentinogenesis imperfecta both deciduous and permanent teeth are usually involved.
The enamel tends to wear down rapidly, exposing the dentin . A
178
The myoepithelial cells are believed to be specialized smooth muscle cells that assist in expelling sweat from glands
Eccrine sweat glands begin to function shortly after birth
179
The relative amounts of melanin accounts for different _ colors
Hair
180
As the enamel organ and dental papilla develop, the mesenchyme surrounding the developing tooth condenses to form the __ __, a vascularized capsular structure
Dental sac
181
The glands of skin include __ and ___ sweat glands, __ glands, and __ glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
Sebaceous
Mammary
182
___ __ affects the differentiation fo the permanent teeth, resulting in incisors with central notches
Congenital syphilis
183
Permanent first molar
Erupt 6-7 yrs
184
__ arising during the critical period of permanent tooth development is the most common cause of enamel hypoplasia
Rickets
185
Rickets is a disease in children who are deficient in vitamin _. It is characterized by disturbances of ossification of the epiphyseal cartilages and disorientation of cells at the metaphysis-section of bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
Metaphysics
186
A hair follicle begins as a proliferation fo the __ __ of the epidermis and extends into the underlying ___
Stratum germinativum
| Dermis
187
Localized albinism/piebaldism
AD
| Lack of melanin in patches of skin, hair or both
188
Most of the mesenchyme that differentiates into the CT of the dermis originates from the __ layer of the ___ ___
Somatic
| Lateral mesoderm
189
The __, underlying the epidermis, is a deep layer composed of dense, irregular arranged CT that is derived from ___
Dermis
| Mesenchyme
190
Gynecomastia
Excessive development of male mammary tissue
191
The eponychium ___, exposing the nail, except at its base ,where it persists as the ___
Degenerates
| Cuticle
192
__ is the hardest tissue in the body
Enamel
193
Two sets of teeth normally develop
Deciduous teeeth
| Permanent teeth
194
What is the second hardest tissue int he body
Dentin
195
Menaloblasts migrate into the __ __ and differentiate into ___
Hair bulbs
| Melanocytes
196
Collodion neonate
Covered by a thick, taut membrane that resembles collodion or parchment
Membrane cracks with first respiratory movement and falls off in large sheets
Shedding takes several weeks and normal appearing skin after
197
Abnormal chromosome complements affect the development of the ridge patterns..example?
50% of neonates with downs have distinctive ridge patterns on their hands and feet that are of diagnostic value
198
Polymastia or polythelia appear in what regions in females
Axillary or abdominal regions
199
Permanent first premolar
Erupt 10-11 yrs
200
Most sebaceous glands develop as buds from the sides of the developing __ ___ ___ of the hair follicles
Epidermal root sheaths
201
By the end of the __ __, the blood supply of the fetal dermis is well established
First trimester
202
The epithelial cells of the hair bulb constitute the __ _, which later produces the hair
Germinal matrix
203
The inner and outer enamel epithelial come together in the neck of the tooth, where they form a fold, the __ ___ __-
Epithelial root sheath
204
The central cells of the primordial ducts ___, forming a __
Degenerate lumen
205
As the dentin thickens, the odontoblasts regress toward the center of the dental papilla;however their cytoplasmic processes-__ __-remain embedded in the dentin
Odontoblastic process
206
Late in the embryonic period, ____ migrate into the mesenchyme in the developing dermis and differentiate into _____
NCC
| Melanoblasts
207
The first tooth buds appear iwhere. Later toothe development occurs where
Anterior mandibular region
| Anterior maxillary region and progresses posteriorly in both jaws
208
Eccrine sweat glands develop as epidermal downgrowths-__ __-underlying mesenchyme
Cellular buds
209
The __ __ soon becomes a club shaped hair bulb
Hair bud
210
By _ weeks, the mesenchymal cells have begun to produce collagenous and elastic CT fibers
11
211
What does the vernix do
Protects the developing skin from constant exposure to amniotic fluid containing urine, bile salts, and sloughed cells
212
What percent of the female population has polymastia or polythelia
.2-5.6
213
Cement is deposited over the dentin of the root and meets the __ at the neck of the tooth
Enamel
214
Hairs are first recognizable where
Eyebrows, upper lip, chin
215
Th apocrine sweat glands are mostly confined to the __, ___ and __ regions and the __
Axillary, pubic, perineal, areolae around nipple
216
Extra nipples of breasts develop alon the __ __
Mammary crest
217
The cells of the periderm continually undergo ____ and ____ and are replaced by cells arising from the __ layer
Keratinization
| Desquamtion
218
Int erneralized albinism, what shows pigmentation
The iris
219
Deciduous first molar
Erupt 12-16 mo
| Shed-9-11 yrs
220
The tooth buds for the permanent teeth appear at different dimes, mostly during the _ period
Fetal
