Integumentary System & Burn/Skin Cancer

Question 1

Another word for skin

Answer 1

Integument

Question 2

Structures of the Integumentary System

Answer 2

Skin
Nails
Hair
Glands
Nerves
Blood vessels

Question 3

Functions of the integumentary System

Answer 3

Protection- Tough keratin, Melanocytes, Acidic sweat.
Water barrier- Keratin and oils in the skin reduce water loss through evaporation and forming a barrier.
Temperature regulation- Capillaries dilate to release heat and constrict to conserve heat.
Vitamin D production- Sunlight converts cholesterol into vitamin D, which is essential for bone health.
Waste elimination- Urea and uric acid are eliminated in sweat.
Sensory perception- Receptor cells transmit information about touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature to the central nervous system

Question 4

Layers of the skin

Answer 4

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

Question 5

Epidermis

Answer 5

The outer layer of the skin
Composed of stratified epithelial cells
Does not contain a blood supply
Contains Merkel cells (touch receptors)
Contains epidermal Dendrive cells (fight bacteria)
Responsible for skin color

Question 6

Layers of the Epidermis

Answer 6

Stratum Corneum- Dead cells, constantly shedding.
Stratum Lucidium- Thick dead cells.
Stratum Granulosum- Live Keratinocytes that become tough and water resistant.
Stratum Spinosum- Live Keratinocytes that become tough and water resistant.
Stratum Basale- Absorbs nutrients from the Dermis and creates live skin cells.

Question 7

Skin Color

Answer 7

Stratum Basale contains melanocytes that produce melanin.
The amount of melanin produced is based on genetics.
Exposure to sunlight causes melanocytes to produce more melanin.

Question 8

Tanning and UV Rays

Answer 8

Tanning- Melanin granules are pushed out into the neighboring skin cells.

UV Protection- Extra melanin in the skin functions as a sunscreen by scattering and absorbing the UV rays before penetrating through the epidermis.

Question 9

Albinism

Answer 9

Prevents the normal production of melanin resulting in little pigment in the skin, hair, and nails.

Question 10

Dermis

Answer 10

Contain two layers:
1. Papillary Layer (superficial)
2. Reticular layer (deep)

Composed of collagen (tough) and elastic (elastic) fibers to keep skin young.
Contains hair follicles
Has a rich supply of blood vessels and sweat glands to regulate body temperature.
Contains sensory receptors.
Contains phagocytes for ingesting foreign bodies such as bacteria.

Question 11

Papillary Layer

Answer 11

Papillary layer (superficial layer)- contains capillaries and sensory receptors and takes on a rigid pattern responsible for your fingerprint called dermal papillae.

Question 12

Dermal papillae

Answer 12

Create a connection between the epidermis and dermis.

Question 13

Reticular layer

Answer 13

Reticular layer (deep layer)- Includes blood and lymphatic vessels, sweat and oil glands, muscles, hair follicles, and nerve endings.

Question 14

Sensory receptors

Answer 14

Meissner receptors- detect light touch. Pacinian corpuscle- detects deep pressure and vibrational changes.
Free nerve endings- respond to pain, light touch, and temperature.

Question 15

Sudoriferous glands (Sweat Glands)

Answer 15

Distributed throughout the body with a high concentration in the underarms, palms, soles of feet, and the forehead. Is usually odorless unless left uncleaned.

Types of sweat glands: Eccrine and apocrine glands.

Sweat glands are activated to produce sweat when temperatures rise and evaporation cooling reduces body temperature.

Question 16

Eccrine sweat glands

Answer 16

Cover most of the body. Sweat is clear that contains mostly water that opens directly onto the skin.

Question 17

Apocrine sweat glands.

Answer 17

Located on genitals and armpits. Secrete a milky fluid that secretes onto the hair follicles.

Question 18

Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)

Answer 18

Location: All over the body except for the palms of hands and soles of feet.
Empty into hair follicles and directly on the skin.
Function: Produce oily substance called sebum. Keep skin and hair soft and kill bacteria.

Question 19

Hair follicles

Answer 19

Structure: Bulb-shaped and with an arrector pili attached on either side.
Hair color: Melanocytes in the follicle produce the pigment that gives hair its color.
Hair texture:
A round follicle produces straight hair.
An oval follicle produces wavy hair.
A flat-shaped follicle produces curly hair.

Question 20

Goosebumps

Answer 20

When cold or frightened the arrector pili muscles contract pulling the hair upright and causing goosebumps.

Question 21

Nails

Answer 21

Nail bed: Located underneath the nail.
Nail matrix: This is the thickened hard part of the nail and is where the nails grow.
Lunule: The crescent portion is located at the top of the nail.

Question 22

Hypodermis

Answer 22

Structure: Made up of adipose tissue.

Function: Connects skin to tissue, padding, source of energy, and insulation for the interior of the body.

Question 23

Burns

Answer 23

Injuries arise from exposure to excessive heat, corrosive chemicals, electricity, or ultraviolet radiation.

Burns vary in severity, causing tissue damage and cell death.

Question 24

First-degree burns

Answer 24

Affects only the epidermal layer of skin.

Symptoms: involve reddening of skin, mild pain, and tend to heal in less than a week.

Treatment: Cool wet compress on the burnt area. Cover with sterile gauze and apply petroleum jelly 2-3 times a day.

Don’t use ice and do not pop blisters both of these will cause more pain.

Question 25

Second-degree burn

Answer 25

Involve damage to both the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis. Symptoms: Blisters, fluid-filled pockets that form between the epidermal and dermal layer, very painful and take over a week to heal. Treatment: Cool wet compress on the burnt area. Cover with sterile gauze and apply petroleum jelly 2-3 times a day. Don't use ice and do not pop blisters both of these will cause more pain.

Question 26

Third Degree Burn

Answer 26

Involve damage to the entire thickness of the skin. Symptoms: Appear grayish-white, initially is not painful because the nerve endings in the skin have been destroyed, later scarring and paint will occur. Treatment: Third-degree burns cannot heal on their own because the stratum basale has been destroyed. Treatment involves getting a skin graft over the damaged area.

Question 27

Skin graft

Answer 27

A surgical procedure in which a piece of skin is transplanted from one area to another.

Question 28

Rules-of-nines

Answer 28

When large areas of the body have been burned, clinicians use the rule of nines to estimate the extent of burned tissue. 9% for both the anterior and posterior of the head and neck (4.5% per side). 18% for the anterior torso and 18% for the posterior of the torso. 9% for both the posterior and anterior of each arm (4.5% per side). 18% for both the anterior and posterior of each leg (9% per side). 1% for the genital region.

Question 29

Cancer of the Skin

Answer 29

Risk factors: Overexposure to the sun. The Three Most Common forms of Skin Cancer are: Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma

Question 30

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 30

Most common and the least dangerous. Cause: overproduction of cells in the stratum basale. Symptoms: Dome-shaped bumps that most often appear on areas of the face that have been exposed to the sunlight. Treatment: Surgically removing dome-shaped bump.

Question 31

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 31

Cause: Overproduction of cells in the stratum spinosum. Symptoms: Appear as a scaly, reddened patch that progresses to an ulcer-like mass with a raised border. Most common locations on lighter-skinned people: The scalp, ears, and lower lip. Most common locations on darker-skinned people: The areas not exposed to sunlight such as legs and feet. Treatment: Surgical removal or chemotherapy (kill cancer cells), radiation therapy, and/or drug therapy if it has spread to lymph nodes.

Question 32

Malignant Melanoma

Answer 32

The most deadly skin cancer. Symptoms: A mole that changes in size, shape, color, and elevation. ABCD rule for determining the presence of melanoma: Asymmetry: The shape of the mole is irregular. Border Irregularity: Borders are not smooth Color: more than one color shade of (red, blue, black, brown, pink). Diameter: Larger than the diameter of a pencil.