Organic Molecules Flashcards
(20 cards)
Histology
The study of microscopic structures of tissues.
Cytology
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
Organic Molecule Vs. Inorganic Molecule
Organic Molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Inorganic Molecules contain only carbon atoms.
Macromolecules
Large organic molecules are also called macromolecules.
Four types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Monomer Vs. Polymer
Monomer: Molecule of any class of compound that can be bonded to form a polymer.
Polymer: Made up of many monomers joined together.
Proteins(Macromolecule)
Made up of hundreds of amino acids (RCH(NH2)COOH).
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Polypeptides and peptides
Structure: Primary(sequence of amino acids), Secondary(sequences fold), Tertiary( multiple secondary sequences fold together), and Quaternary(multiple subunits).
Functions: Forms the structure of cells, muscle development
Amino Acids(Monomer)
Amino Acids contain a: amino group (-NH2), an acid group (-COOH), R group.
Function: Break down food and repair body tissue.
Peptide Bonds
Joins amino acids together. The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid.
Peptides: contains less than 50 amino acids.
Polypeptides: contains more than 50 amino acids.
Nucleic Acids(Macromolecule)
Structure: Made up of nucleotides.
Monomer: nucleotides.
Polymer: Nucleic Acids.
Function: Carry genetic information.
Nucleotides(Monomer)
Structure: Made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleotide chains: RNA, DNA, ATP
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A) (Purine)
Guanine (G) (Purine)
Thymine (T) (Pyrimidine)
Cytosine (C) (Pyrimidine)
Uracil (U) (Pyrimidine)
DNA
Structure: Double helix.
Made up of A-T base pairs and C-G base pairs.
Function: Carry genetic information.
RNA
Structure: Single strand, fold back on itself to connect pairs.
Made up of A-U base pairs and G-C base pairs.
Types:
Messenger RNA: Information carrier in the manufacturing of proteins.
Transfer RNA: Assist in the manufacture of proteins.
Ribosomal RNA: form ribosomes
ATP
Structure: Composed of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Function: Energy source used in chemical processes.
Water
Structure: Two hydrogens and One oxygen.
Universal solvent: Compounds dissolve in water because it has both negative and positive charges.
Acid: A substance that when added to water increases its Hydrogen ion concentration.
Base: A substance that when added to water increases its Hydroxide ion concentration.
Carbohydrates(Macromolecule)
Is sugars and starches.
Monomer: Monosaccaride
Polymer: Disaccaride & Polysaccaride.
Function: SHORT TERM ENERGY which is used to make ATP.
Types of Carbohydrates:
Glucose(C6H1206): Provides immediate energy
Glycogen: Polymer of glucose and provides short-term energy.
Lipids(Macromolecule)
Is fats and oils.
Monomer: Glycerol and fatty acids.
Function: Provide insulation and long-term energy.
Properties: Do not dissolve well in water or blood.
Types:
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Fatty Acids(Monomer)
Structure: A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group (COOH).
Types:
Unsaturated: Double bond and are liquid at room temperature.
Saturated: Single bond and are solid at room temperature.
Function: Influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals.
Glycerides(Monomer)
Structure: Composed of glycerol molecules and fatty acids.
Function: Stores energy.
Branches: Monoglyceride, Diglyceride, Triglercide.
Phospholipids
Structure:
Bearing head(Hydrophilic (loves water))(forms hydrogen bonds)
Fatty acid tail(Hydrophobic (hates water))(doesn’t form hydrogen bonds)
Properties: In a watery environment they form bilayers, liposomes, or micelles.
Function: A barrier to protect the cell.
Steroids
Structure: Four-ringed backbone.
Function: Reduce inflammation.
