integumentary system disorder Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
sweats contain
A
antimicrobial proteins
2
Q
sebum and defensins
A
kill bacteria
3
Q
three major region of skin
A
epidermis, dermis, hyposdermis
4
Q
epidermis
A
outermost region of the skin, consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular
5
Q
dermis
A
middle region of the skin
mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular
6
Q
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
A
subcutaneous layer deep to skin, not part of skin but shares some functions, mostly adipose tissue and muscles
7
Q
cells of epidermis
A
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans’ cell , Merkel (tactile) cells
8
Q
keratinocytes produces
A
keratine > gives skin its protective property
9
Q
keratinocytes are made by
A
stratum basale, 새로운 cell 들이 만들어질 때마다 위로 밈, 늙은 애들은 shed
10
Q
melanocytes produces
A
melanosomes and melanin
11
Q
melanocytes found in the
A
deepest layer of the epidermis
12
Q
melanocytes are taken up by
A
keratinocytes
13
Q
melanocytes form
A
a shield around the nucleus to protect it from UV radiation
14
Q
langerhans’ cells
A
epidermal macrophages
key activators of the immune system
15
Q
langerhans’ cells acts as
A
antigen presenting cell
16
Q
langerhans’ cells made in
A
bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
17
Q
merkel cell found at
A
the epidermal-dermal junction
18
Q
merkel cell function
A
touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
19
Q
layers of the epidermis
A
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum
20
Q
causes of skin lesions
A
local irritants, burns, liver disease, systemic infections: chicken pox, measles, allergies
21
Q
angioedema
A
allergic rxn, swelling of oral mucosa, tongue, mouth > blocks airway
22
Q
macule
A
flat, redness, round shaped (circumscribed)
23
Q
papule
A
small (less deeper than nodule) , solid elevation, no pus
ex. hives
24
Q
vesicle/bliser
A
thin (translucent) wall, raised, yellow/clear fluid-filled
25
ulcer
cavity in tissue
26
nodule
firm (can feel the solid) , raised, deep
27
pustule
raised, has a "head", filled w/ pus ex. 뾰루지
28
plaque
slightly elevated, flat, "scale" -like white lesion
29
fissure
crack in tissue
30
pressure sores
decubitus ulcers
31
pruritus
severe itching, usually a response to exposure to allergens/irritants
32
cause of pruritus
unknown but may be due to histamine
33
treatment for pruritus
antihistamine, topical anti-inflammatory agents, systemic anti-inflammatory agents, topical administration of colloidal oatmeal
34
inflammatory disorder of the skin
contact dermatitis, urticaria (hives), atopic dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosus, scleroderma
35
contact dermatitis
exposure to allergen/irritant
results in a localized rash+itching
36
contact dermatitis type of skin lesions
macule: flat, circular, red
37
urticaria (hives)
type 1 systemic hypersensitivity reaction, usually spread throughout the body
38
hive type of skin lesion
papule: raised, red, itchy
39
treatment for urticaria (hives)
systemic agent ex. antihistamine, corticosteroid (epi pen) bc mass histamine release > risk of hypotension
40
treatment for contact dermititis
topical agent corticosteroid/histamine
41
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
persistent inflammation of the upper layers of the skin, type 1/4 hypersensitive reaction
42
eczema characterized by
itching, erythema, swelling
43
how is eczema type 4 hypersensitive reaction
antigen presenting cell+ t lympocytes > sensitized t lymphocyte> release cytokines> activates macrophages>granuloma formation
(delayed response)
44
process of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
dendritic cell/macrophages + T cell > release interleukins> release b cell > release plasma cell > release sensitized mast cells > release histamine
45
atopic dermatitis symptoms
skin dryness, inflammation
46
Treatment of eczema
topical corticosteroids and antihistamine, cool, moisturize
47
psoriasis
chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune
48
psoriasis skin leison
plaque: raised, red
but covered with white silvery scales which itch, crack, burn, and bleed > infection
49
treatment of psoriasis
UV light, immune modulators, chemotherapy
50
discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosus
inflammatory+autoimmune
51
symptoms for lupus erythematosus
butterfly pattern appears over nose > alopecia
52
treatment for discoid lupus eruthematosus
suppress immune syst
53
scleroderma leads to
collagen deposition, inflammation, fibrosis > internal organs suffer, loss of facial expression, loss of movement of mouth and eyes
54
bacterial skin infections
acne vulgaris, cellulitis, impetigo, acute necrotizing fasciitis
55
acute vulgaris
inflammation and blockage of sebaceous glands and associated hair follicles stimulated by androgen > pimples (pustules or cysts)
> can lead to proliferation of bacteria > staphylococcus aureus
56
acne vulgaris sebaceous glands are stimulated by
androgens
57
acne vulgaris skin lesion
comedones or pustule
58
acne vulgaris comedones
non inflammatory collection of sebum, no scarring
59
acne vulgaris pustule lesion
severe inflammatory response to a bacterial infection, scarring
60
treatment for acne vulgaris
frequent cleansing with non-irritating soaps, agents with anti-bacterial properties: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline + erythromycin, aczone gel, vit A derivatives, laser treatments, agents to control hormones, microderm abrasion
61
cellulitis
infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of S. aureus, follows trauma and/or a break in the skin, lower trunk, common problem in diabetics
62
signs and symptoms for cellulitis
redness, swelling, pain, red streaking across the lymph vessels
63
treatment for cellulitis
systemic antibiotics may require amputation
64
impetigo cause
staph aureus infection/ group A beta hemolytic strep
65
T/F impetigo is highly contagious
true and it can spread systemically and cause glomerulonephritis
66
impetigo leads to
pruritus
67
impetigo can spread through
towels, scratching
68
impetigo looks like
yellow, brown crust, with moist yellow liquid
69
treatment for impetigo
topical antibiotics or systemic antibiotics
70
acute necrotizing fasciitis
"flesh eating bacteria"
mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria present
71
main culprit for acute necrotizing fasciitis
group A beta hemolytic strep pyogenes
72
acute necrotizing fasciitis secretes
proteases and penetrates deep into the tissue
73
acute necrotizing fasciitis leads to
subcutaneous fascia and the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle, edema, necrosis, vulus (pockets of purple liquids)
74
acute necrotizing fasciitis process
bacteria produces a toxin and can cause toxic shock if it spreads to the systemic circulation
75
risk factor for acute necrotizing fasciitis
trauma, compromised immune syst, chronic health condition, chicken pox infection
76
treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis
debridement, amputation, aggressive systemic antibiotic, fluid replacement, pain management
77
viral skin infections
herpes simplex, cold sores, herpes zoster (shingles), verrucae (warts)
78
herpes simplex virus type 1
fever blister/cold sores
79
herpes simplex virus type 2
genital herpes
80
cold sores
asymptomatic at first, virus has a latent phase in the trigeminal (5) nerve
81
process of cold sores
invades epithelial cell> taken up by sensory neurons > hides in the nerve terminals neurons > 그래서 reinfection이 쉬움
82
cold sores reoccurrences can be triggered by
common cold, sun exposure, stress
82
signs and symptoms of reoccurence
tingling sensation, burning sensation, painful blister > ruptures > forms a crust > heals spontaneously
83
cold sores virus is spread by
direct contact with the fluid from the lesion
84
treatment for cold sores
topical antiviral
85
herpes zoster (shingles)
reactivation of varicella-zoster virus infection (chicken pox)
86
herpes zoster development
painful blister develop in a line unilaterally
87
herpes zoster leads to
burning sensation, paresthesias
88
treatment for herpes zoster
systemic antivirals (not a cure), pain medication
89
verrucae (warts) caused by
human papilloma viruses (HPV)
90
plantar warts caused by
HPV 1-4 > painful
91
genital warts caused by
HPV 6+11
92
HPV 16+18 causes
cervical cancer
93
treatment for verrucae
laser, freezing w/ liquid nitrogen and excising
94
fungal skin infection
mycoses of skin or nails, tinea (ringworm)
95
mycoses of skin or nails are dignosed by
scraping the skin and observing under a microscope
96
mycoses of skin or nails caused by
superficial infections of the keratocytes
97
mycoses can lead to
pruritus or asymptomatic
98
nail fungal infection treatment require
systemic antifungals and months of treatment
99
tinea (ringworm)
fungal infection of the skin, scalp, nails
100
tinea is treated with
antifungals
101
scabies
mite infection= sarcoptes scabiei
102
female mite burrows into
epidermis and lays her eggs
103
areas affected with scabies are
wrists, fingers, elbows, and waist
104
scabies are transmitted through
close contact
105
treatment for scabies
lindane
106
3 types of pediculosis (lice)
corporis (body), pubis (genital), capitis (head)
107
pediculosis feed off of
human blood
108
female lice does what
lays eggs on hair shaft =nit
109
3 types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
110
basal cell carcinoma
stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, slow growing, not often metastasize so mostly curable
111
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, usually on scalp ears and lower lips, grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed
112
treatment for squamous cell carcinoma
radiation therapy or removed surgically
113
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
114
melanoma is dangerous because
highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy
115
melanoma characteristic
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation
116
treatment for melanoma
wide surgical excision, immunotherapy, chemotherapy
117
kaposi's sarcoma
rare form of skin cancer associated with HIV and or immnocompromised
118
what may cause kaposi's sarcoma
herpes virus, malignant cells arise from endothelial cells
119
treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma
radiation and chemotherapy
120
burns
tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals that denatures proteins
121
how can severe burns threatens life
bc it causes loss of body fluids, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
122
the rule of nines
estimate % of body effected by the burn
123
treatment for burns
IV fluids, large amounts of calories in the form of proteins and fats, prophylactic antibiotics, debridement (removal). of burned skin, temporary covering, skin graft
124
first degree burn
only the epidermis is damaged, no blister
125
second degree burns
epidermis and upper regions of dermis is affected , blister appear, skin regeneration occur, care needed to avoid infections
126
third degree burns
all layers affected, no initial edema or pain bc nerve endings are destroyed, skin grafting is usually necessary, extensive scar tissue forms
127
stevens johnson's syndrome (toxic epidermal necrosis)
looks and feels like a burn but hypersensitivity reaction from certain drugs
detachment of epidermis and mucous membranes
128
pathophysiology of stevens Johnson's syndrome
apoptotic cell death of epidermis, mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ cells and NK cells
129
treatment for stevens Jhonson's syndrome
immediate discontinuation of the drug, fluid replacement, prophylactic antibiotics, skin grafts
