Integumentary System-skin

Question 1

Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 1

skin

Question 2

Two Components of the Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 2

1. Outer epidermis
2. Inner dermis
   ◦ Hypodermis

Question 3

the Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)

Answer 3

Outer epidermis

Question 4

-Connective tissues
◦ Hypodermis: Area of loose connective tissue deep to the
dermis (Subcutaneous)

Answer 4

inner dermis

Question 5

Area of loose connective tissue deep to the
dermis (Subcutaneous)

Answer 5

Hypodermis

Question 6

where does Accessory Structures
Originate

Answer 6

dermis

Question 7

Accessory Structures examples

Answer 7

-Hair
-Nails
-Multicellular exocrine glands
(sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, eccrine sweatglands, sebaceous gland)

Question 8

cutaneous plexus

Answer 8

artery & vein

Question 9

Functions of Skin

Answer 9

Protection of underlying tissues and organs
◦ Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
◦ Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporative
cooling)
◦ Production of melanin
◦ Production of keratin
◦ Synthesis of vitamin D3
◦ Storage of lipids
◦ Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Question 10

The most abundant cells;
Contain large amounts of keratin

Answer 10

keratinocytes

Question 11

Covers most of body; 4 layers; thin stratum corneum

Answer 11

Thin skin
-stratum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

Question 12

Palms, Soles; 5 layers; thick stratum corneum

Answer 12

Thick skin
-stratum corneum
-STRATUM LUCIDUM IS PRESENT
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

Question 13

AVASCULAR

Answer 13

epidermis

Question 14

vascular

Answer 14

dermis

Question 15

-Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
-Cells on surface (far from dermis) are dead cells

Answer 15

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

Question 16

Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
◦ From basal lamina to free surface (basal surface to apical
surface)

Answer 16

1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (NOT in thin skin!!!!)
5. Stratum corneum

Question 17

-Is attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
-Forms epidermal ridges that extend down towards the dermis
(cause fingerprints)
-Has many basal cells or germinative cells

Answer 17

Stratum Basale

Question 18

extend down towards the dermis
(cause fingerprints)

Answer 18

epidermal ridges

Question 19

Dermis forms——that extend up towards the
epidermis

Answer 19

Dermal papillae

Question 20

Increase the SA of basement membrane and strengthen bond between
dermis and epidermis

Answer 20

ER and DP

Question 21

Specialized Cells of Stratum Basale

Answer 21

◦ Merkel cells

◦ Melanocytes

Question 22

◦ Found in hairless skin
◦ Respond to touch (trigger nervous system when compressed)

Answer 22

◦ Merkel cells

Question 23

◦ Contain the pigment melanin
◦ Responsible for brown pigment of skin
◦ Scattered throughout stratum basale with processes into superficial layers

Answer 23

◦ Melanocytes

Question 24

◦ 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
◦ Produced by division of stem cells in stratum basale
◦ Cells continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
◦ Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells active in immune response

Answer 24

Stratum Spinosum

Question 25

-cells active in immune response -Pathogens that pass superficial layers -Superficial skin cancers

Answer 25

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Question 26

◦ 3-5 layers of Keratinocytes derived from stratum spinosum ◦ Cells stop dividing, start producing ◦ Keratin ◦ Keratohyalin

Answer 26

Stratum Granulosum

Question 27

◦ A tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair, nails, skin ◦ Makes cells water resistant and resistant to abrasion

Answer 27

keratin

Question 28

◦ Dense granules that promote dehydration of cells ◦ Promotes aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibers

Answer 28

Keratohyalin

Question 29

◦ Found only in thick skin ◦ Flat, densely packed cells filled with keratin

Answer 29

◦Stratum Lucidum

Question 30

◦ Exposed surface of skin ◦ 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells ◦ Tightly packed, Water resistant, connected by desmosomes (peels in sheets) ◦ Shed and replaced every 2 weeks

Answer 30

Stratum Corneum

Question 31

◦ The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin ◦ Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes ◦ Skin life cycle from stem cell division to death ◦ It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum

Answer 31

Keratinization

Question 32

Perspiration 2 kinds

Answer 32

◦ Insensible perspiration ◦ Sensible perspiration

Question 33

◦ Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum (500 mL/day) ◦ Damage to epidermis may greatly increase amount (burns, blisters) ◦ Osmosis affects flow thru stratum corneum: in hypotonic fresh water, water flows into epidermis causing swelling (Prune fingers)

Answer 33

◦ Insensible perspiration

Question 34

Osmosis affects flow thru stratum corneum: in hypotonic fresh water, water flows into epidermis causing swelling or---------

Answer 34

Prune fingers

Question 34

◦ Water excreted by sweat glands

Answer 34

◦ Sensible perspiration

Question 35

is influenced by pigments (Carotene and Melanin) and by blood circulation

Answer 35

Skin color

Question 36

* Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables * Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis * Can be converted to vitamin A

Answer 36

Carotene

Question 37

* Yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes in stratum basal * Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes) * Transferred to keratinocytes

Answer 37

Melanin

Question 38

Melanin is produced by ??? in stratum basal

Answer 38

melanocytes

Question 39

transport vesicles

Answer 39

(melanosomes)

Question 40

Function of Melanocytes

Answer 40

* Produce the melanin that protects skin/ tissues from sun damage * Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles * Skin darkens with an increase in melanin production, not number of melanocytes * Albino individuals have normal distribution of melanocytes, they however donot produce any melanin * In dark skinned people melanocytes release melanosomes more superficially

Question 41

is a pigment found in RBC

Answer 41

* Hemoglobin

Question 42

* When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin it is

Answer 42

bright red

Question 43

* When hot, superficial blood vessels will??

Answer 43

When hot, superficial blood vessels dilate, skin reddens

Question 44

Blood flow decreases skin will?

Answer 44

* Blood flow decreases, skin pales

Question 45

* Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation * Bluish skin tint * First seen in lips, under nails

Answer 45

Cyanosis

Question 46

* Epidermal cells produces?

Answer 46

cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

Question 47

* Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) * In the presence of UV radiation * Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitriol * Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus * Insufficient vitamin D3 * Can cause rickets

Answer 47

Vitamin D3

Question 48

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into

Answer 48

calcitriol * Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 49

* Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Answer 49

calcitriol

Question 50

* Insufficient vitamin D3 Can cause

Answer 50

rickets

Question 51

* Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) * Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)

Answer 51

The Dermis

Question 52

* Two components of the dermis

Answer 52

1. Outer papillary layer 2. Deep reticular layer

Question 53

* Consists of areolar connective tissue * Contains small capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons * Has dermal papillae projecting up between epidermal ridges

Answer 53

The Papillary Layer

Question 54

* Increases surface area; strengthens bond

Answer 54

dermal papillae

Question 55

* Responsible for fingerprints

Answer 55

epidermal ridges

Question 56

* Consists of dense irregular connective tissue * Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers * Contains collagen and elastic fiber

Answer 56

The Reticular Layer

Question 57

form meshwork to strengthen tissues that are stressed from many different angles

Answer 57

fibers

Question 58

Nerve fibers in skin control:

Answer 58

* Blood flow * Gland secretions * Sensory receptors provide information to nervous system

Question 59

Sensory receptors provide information to nervous system

Answer 59

* Light touch—tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s corpuscles), located in dermal papillae * Deep pressure and vibration—lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles), in the reticular laye

Question 60

—tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s corpuscles), located in dermal papillae

Answer 60

light touch

Question 61

—lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles), in the reticular layer

Answer 61

Deep pressure and vibration

Question 62

tactile corpuscles also called & located in

Answer 62

Meissner’s corpuscles located in dermal papillae

Question 63

lamellated corpuscles also called & located in

Answer 63

Pacinian corpuscles, in the reticular layer

Question 64

lies below the integument * Made of connective tissue and adipose tissues * Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers * Allows separate movement of skin * The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

Answer 64

* The Hypodermis or Subcutaneous layer

Question 65

* The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) is Made of connective tissue and adipose tissues for what functions

Answer 65

* Insulation * Energy reserve * Shock absorber and stabilizer

Question 66

* The site of subcutaneous injections using

Answer 66

hypodermic needles

Question 67

* Integumentary accessory structures * Derived from embryonic epidermis * Located in dermis * Project through the skin surface

Answer 67

Hair, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, Sweat Glands, and Nails