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From Flashcardlet > Integumentary System: Skin and it's derivatives > Flashcards

Integumentary System: Skin and it's derivatives Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

The subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia)

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1
Q

What are the two layers of the Integument?

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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2
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

The epithelium of the integument.

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3
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The dermis lies deep to the epidermis and ranges in thickness from 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm.

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4
Q

What are the 7 functions of the integument.

A
  1. Protection
  2. Prevention of water loss
  3. Temperature regulation
  4. Metabolic regulation
  5. Immune defense
  6. Sensory reception
  7. Excretion/secretion
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5
Q

The epidermis is the most __________ layer.

A

Superficial

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the epidermis.

A

Kerantinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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8
Q

How many layers (strata) of distinct cell types make up the epidermis?

A

4-5

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9
Q

What are the 5 strata of the epidermis? From deepest to most superficial.

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum corneum
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10
Q

Which layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

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11
Q

The Stratum Basale is the only layer of the epidermis that is __________ active.

A

Mitotically

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12
Q

What are the three cell types in the stratum basale?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Tactile cells
  3. Melanocytes
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13
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

They are the most abundant cell type in the dermis that produce the protein keratin.

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14
Q

What are tactile cells?

A

Tactile cells are scattered throughout the stratum basale that are sensitive to touch and secrete chemicals that stimulate sensitive nerve endings.

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15
Q

What are meranocytes?

A

Cells that produce melanin, a substance that protects keratinocytes from sun damage

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16
Q

Stratum spinosum is _________ layers thick.

A

Several

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17
Q

The stratum spinosum is made up of ____________ cells from the stratum basale.

A

Daughter

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18
Q

What does stratum spinosum cells differentiate into?

A

Non-dividing highly specialized keratinocytes

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19
Q

What stratum do epidermal dendritic cells appear in?

A

Stratum spinosum

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20
Q

What are epidermal dendritic cells?

A

Immune cells that help fight infection in the epidermis

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21
Q

What si the layer of the epidermis that is superficial to stratum spinosum?

A

Stratum granulosum

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22
Q

How many layers thick is stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers thick

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23
Q

What is the process called where the organelles of the cells in stratum granulosum begin to degrade and cytoplasm fills with concentrated keratin filaments?

A

Keratinization

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24
Q

What is the thin, translucent region, 2-3 layers thick that is superficial to the stratum granulosum?

A

Stratum lucidum

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25
Q

In the stratum lucidum, cells are filled with _________ which is a transparent intermediate product of keratin maturation.

A

Eleidin

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26
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

Only in thick skin

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27
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis called?

A

Stratum corneum

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28
Q

When does the epidermis have five layers instead of four? What is the name of the “extra” layer?

A

Only in thick skin. Stratum lucidum.

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29
Q

In which layer are new cells made?

A

Stratum basale

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30
Q

What are the three cell types in stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Tactile cells

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31
Q

Which layer has living keratinocytes and dendritic cells?

A

Stratum spinosum

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32
Q

In which layer do cells start to die?

A

Stratum granulosum

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33
Q

Are the cells of the most superficial layer of the epidermis alive?

A

No

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34
Q

What three pigments determine the color of skin?

A

Melanin
Hemoglobin
Carotene

35
Q

Which of the 3 pigments help protect DNA from sun damage?

A

Melanin

36
Q

In which layer of the epidermis is melanin made? By which cell type?

A

Stratum basale. Melanocytes.

37
Q

What do you monitor to increase your chance of early detection of skin cancer?

A 
ABCDE
Asymmetrical
Borders irregular
Color varies
growing Diameter
Evolving
38
Q

The stratum coroneum can be up to ___ layers thick.

A

30

39
Q

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis.

A

Deep

40
Q

The dermis is mostly ___________ tissue.

A

Connective

41
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

42
Q

Which if the two layers of the dermis is deep?

A

Reticular layer

43
Q

What is the superficial layer of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

44
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis is directly adjacent to the stratum _________ of the epidermis.

A

Basale

45
Q

The papillary layer is composed of ___________ connective tissue.

A

Areolar

46
Q

The ____________ and _____________ interlock with each other to increase the area of contact between the epidermis and the dermis.

A

Epidermal ridges, dermal papillae

47
Q

What layer is most of the dermis?

A

Reticular layer

48
Q

What kind of connective tissue is the reticular layer made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

49
Q

____________ fibers help connect dermis to the underlying hypodermis.

A

Collagen

50
Q

Are nerve fibers present in the dermis?

A

Yes

51
Q

What are the three functions of nerves in the dermis?

A

Tactile receptors, glandular secretion and control blood flow

52
Q

How do blood vessels play a role in temperature regulation?

A

With vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

53
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Decreasing the diameter of the blood vessel to keep warm.

54
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Increasing the diameter of the blood vessel to cool off

55
Q

The subcutaneous layer is deep to but ____ a part of the itegument.

A

Not

56
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer consist of?

A

Areolar and adipose connective tissue

57
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Acts as protection of the underlying structures, a store of energy and thermal regulation.

58
Q

What are the three major structures that are derived from the epidermal tissue?

A
  1. Nails
  2. Hair
  3. Sweat glands and subcutaneous glands
59
Q

Nails are derived from the ________________.

A

Stratum corneum

60
Q

What re nails made of?

A

Cells densely packed together filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin.

61
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

A layer of the epidermis that the nail body covers.

62
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

Proximal end of the nail.

63
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The white-ish semilunar portion of the nail.

64
Q

What is the actively growing part of the nail?

A

The nail matrix

65
Q

What makes nails hard?

A

Keratin

66
Q

Where does the hair follicle originate? What kind of cells is hair made from?

A

The dermis or hypodermis, keratinized cells

67
Q

What are the three zones along the length of the hair?

A
  1. Hair bulb
  2. Hair root
  3. Hair shaft
68
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

A swelling of living epithelial cells at the base of the hair.

69
Q

What is the hair matrix?

A

The center of the bulb containing dividing epithelial cells.

70
Q

What are the components of the hair papilla?

A

Connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels that support the dividing epithelial cells in the matrix.

71
Q

Where do dividing hair cells reside?

A

Hair matrix

72
Q

What does the arrector pill muscle do?

A

It responds to emotional states or exposure to cold temperatures.

73
Q

What are the six functions of hair?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Heat retention
  3. Facial expression
  4. Sensory reception
  5. Visual identification
  6. Chemical signal dispersal
74
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands of the skin?

A

Sweat glands and subcutaneous glands

75
Q

What are the two types of sweat gland?

A

Merocrine and apocrine sweat glands

76
Q

Where are Merocrine sweat glands located?

A

Palms, soles of the feet and forehead

77
Q

What do Merocrine sweat glands release?

A

99% water

78
Q

What controls the release of Merocrine sweat gland’s substances?

A

The nervous system

79
Q

What are the primary functions of Merocrine sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation
Protection
Secretion

80
Q

Where do apocrine glands release their substances?

A

Axillary, pubic and anal

81
Q

Why do their secretions lead to body odor?

A

They secrete proteins and lipids which are acted on by bacteria.

82
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located?

A

Most of the body. Most concentrated on the face and scalp.

83
Q

What substance does a sebaceous gland release?

A

Sebum

84
Q

What is the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A

To lubricate the hair and skin

85
Q

At what age do sebaceous glands become most active?

A

Puberty

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