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Intellectual Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is the stationary sphere at the center of heaven. It’s a habitable surface is a flat circle with Jerusalem at it’s center.

A

Earth

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2
Q

The fifth element and which is stars and planets made of a perfect substance called what?

A

Aether or ether

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3
Q

Moon, sun and stars held in a place by _______________.

A

Invisible crystalline spheres.

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4
Q

This model supported the belief that the Earth was the center of the Universe. This also followed the teaching g ARISTOTLE.

A

Geocentric Model

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5
Q

This model included part of geocentric model
Stated that the Earth was in the center of the universe but moons and planets ROTATED IN CIRCLES as they went AROUND Earth.

A

Ptolemaic Model

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6
Q

A polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged Ptolemaic model. He introduced the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL in 40-page outline entitled COMMENTARIOLUS.

A

Nicholaus Copernicus

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7
Q

Nicholaus Copernicus proposed what?

A

Heliocentric Model

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8
Q

Work of Copernicus where he introduced heliocentric model.

A

Commentariolus

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9
Q

The treatise of Copernicus were he formalized his Geocentric Model

A

Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium or The Revolution of Celestial Spheres. (Not published until the year he died)

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10
Q

Who opposed with the idea of Heliocentric model of Copernicus?

A

Catholic Church

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11
Q

The Heliocentric Model by Copernicus was accepted by the people in a period called what?

A

Birth of modern astronomy.

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12
Q

Earth rotation caused______

A

Daily motion from east to west

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13
Q

Inferior Planets which explained why they are always seen near the sun

A

Mercury and Venus

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14
Q

Sun’s annual motion along the ecliptic(Zodiac) was caused by ________

A

Earth’s orbital motion(this one was difficult to accept)

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15
Q

How long Ptolemy’s model had worked for years?

A

1500

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16
Q

Why Ptolemy’s model was believed by everyone before instead of Copernicus?

A

It provided a metaphor of the earth and humans living at the center of God’s creation.

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17
Q

What Copernicus did not prove and predict what?

A

He did not prove that the Earth orbited the sun.(lack of evidence?)
He did not predict the positions of planets any better than Ptolemy’s model.

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18
Q

The critical realization that the Earth was not the center of the Universe

A

Copernican Revolution

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19
Q

The Heliocentric model was…

A

More simple. One Element — the SUN

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20
Q

Born on Feb. 12 1809 at Shrewsburry, Shropshire, England as a son of a well-to-do physician.

A

Charles Robert Darwin

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21
Q

Birthday and birthplace of Charles Darwin

A

Feb. 12 1809 at Shrewsburry, Shropshire, England

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22
Q

Darwin’s mother died on…

A

July 15, 1817 when he was only 8.

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23
Q

In Sept 1818, Darwin attended shrewsburry grammar schoool, along with _________, run by the ________

A

Along with ERASMUS, run by REV. SAMUEL BUTLER.

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24
Q

On ____, Darwin was removed from school because of bad grade.

A

June 17, 1825

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25
Darwin was sent by his father to study medicine at Edinburg University but discontinued his studies after only TWO years. He was accepted into ____ in OCT 126.
College at CAMBRIDGE
26
His first work in science began with a GEOLOGIC FIELD TRIP led by english geologist ________.
Adam Sedgwick
27
In December of 1831 the _____ left Plymouth harbor on a 5 year ‘voyage of scientific exploration’
H.M.S Beagle
28
In December of 1831 the H.M.S Beagle left Plymouth harbor on a 5 year ‘___________’
voyage of scientific exploration
29
In ________ the H.M.S Beagle left Plymouth harbor on a 5 year ‘voyage of scientific exploration’
December of 1831
30
HMS is a ship was named after…
The dog breed
31
In the Beagle Voyage, Darwin joined as the?
Ship’s naturalist
32
Sea—sickness and infection apart he was also able to come to a ‘clear realization of the antiquity of the Earth and the long ages through which life had to develop.’
— Isaac Asimov
33
Species/Animals that discovered by Charles Darwin.
Galapagos Giant Tortoise and Darwin’s Finches
34
One of the most controversial intellectual revolutions
Darwinian revolution
35
In Nov. 24 1859, Charles Darwin published his book,…
On the Origin of Species
36
In this book, Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the FITTEST WOULD SURVIVE.
On the Origin of Species
37
Darwin also stated that organisms have the ability to ADAPT to their environment and gradually CHANGE into something that would be more COMPETITIVE to SURVIVE, process known as ______
Evolution
38
Give the four process of natural selection
Variation Competition Adaptations Selection
39
There is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited
Variation
40
Overproduction of offspring leads to ______ for survival
Competition
41
Individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes
Adaptations
42
Over many generations, there is a change n allele frequency(evolution)
Selection
43
Darwinian Revolution was very controversial as this is contradictory to the church teachings that the source of the life is __________.
powerful creator
44
The __________ refers to the belief that existing animals and plants developed by a process of slow, continuous change from previously existing forms.
Evolution concept
45
Concerned with the development of the physical universe from unorganized matter
Inorganic evolution
46
______, as opposed to belief in the special creation of each individual species as an unchangeable form,Envisions life as having had its beginning in a simple mass(Probably starting out in the sea) from which, over the course of time, arose all living forms.
Organic Evolution
47
The __________ tells the story of creation, of the sea, and the sky, the birds, and the animals and finally, us -humans.
Book of Genesis
48
In the past, the field of psychology as always under_________.
Philosophy
49
Considered more of an art rather than science
Psychology
50
In 19th century, he made a groundbreaking theory of psychoanalysis, changing people’s perception of the field
Sigmund Freud.
51
An Austrian doctor. One of the first psychologists to study HUMAN MOTIVATION.
Sigmund Freud
52
Was the founding FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.
Sigmund Freud
53
Study of BEHAVIOR. A scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, ringing from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual.
Psychoanalysis
54
Like Marx,Freud was a _______
Determinist
55
People determined by their instincts:
a. Life Instinct: Sex(Libido) b. Death Instinct: aggression, self-destruction
56
He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence BEHAVOIR and EMOTION; He also argued that that personality is a product of three conflicting elements
Freud
57
Freud’s three conflicting elements;
Id,ego, superego
58
Raw INSTINCTS unconscious part of the mind Seeks to bring pleasure Primitive parts of personality including aggression and sexual drives
ID
59
Manager of the Id that sublimates the instincts Conscious part of the mind(Rational Self) Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the right thing to do Aware of REALITY
Ego
60
Morality The conscience that manages the ego according to social standards
Superego
61
If you don’t resolve this conflict between the Id and the superego, you may experience
Unhappiness or mental distress
62
In order to understand motivation, you must understand what is in your unconscious memory. This is the basis for _________.
Psychoanalysis
63
The ego can deploy various defense mechanisms to prevent it from becoming overwhelmed by anxiety.
Defense mechanism
64
Involves blocking external events from awareness.. If situations is just too much to handle, the person just refuse to experience it.
Denial
65
This involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feeling and motivates to another person.
Projection
66
Satisfying an impulse with substitute object.
Displacement
67
This is an movement back in psychological time when one faced with stress
Regression
68
Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object. In a socially acceptable way
Sublimation
69
Freud was the one of the first to use this. This is a way of freeing the unconscious mind or opening up drawer to remember vivid details of the past
Hypnosis
70
Is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious
Repression
71
Freud believed _____ were your unconscious mind talking to you. It. Were very symbolic and difficult to analyze.
Dreams
72
Freud believed that _______is result of NURTURE, not nature.
Mental illness
73
Freud ask the question: “what makes people do things?”
Motivation
74
It motivates human behavior
Needs
75
Is the classic psychological framework from Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
76
On the MHN: We don’t want to be hungry thirsty, exhausted, freezing, overhearing, sick or in pain.
Physiological
77
On the MHN: If we feel ok in this exact moment, we then also want to feel safe: confident we can avoid paint, hunger and other dangers for the immediate future.
Safety
78
On the MHN: If er feels safe, then our social needs and belonging come into play. We feel secure when we’re part of tribe we can trust unworried about rejection or alienation.
Social
79
On the MHN: Once we’ve secured in our needs, our primal desires for STATUS and SELF ESTEEM come into play. We want to feel not only ‘part of the group’ but an admired and respected part.
Self esteem
80
When core needs are met, we’re ready to pursue our deepest desire for self-actualisation - to become the most complete and authentic version of ourselves. With the fundamentals taken care of, we’re free to act as we choose, aligned with out values and higher purpose.
Self-actualization
81
Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called ______. Animals respond instinctively, humans learn various ways to respond.
Drive or Desire
82
It explains the reasons why people behave the way they do
Human motivation
83
People have it in the back of their minds and causes people to behave irrationally.
Drives or desires

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