Intellectual Revolutions' Flashcards
A knowledge involving general truths and
general laws that is taken from a systematic
study which is concerned with evidences and
theories.
Science
Focuses on the natural world
* Goes through experiments
* Passes through the specific community
Common Characteristics of Science:
A means to fulfill a human purpose
➢ Assemblage of practices and components
➢ A collection ofdevices and engineering practices
available to culture
Technology
it is a body of knowledge, it
provides information that we can use to make
new technology so therefore, every time there
exists a new technology, it demands more
scientific studies
Science,
t or f. Technology andscience are working together to
make the life of the people, the society, much
easier so therefore, the society benefits from
technology
true
thought that people should use
knowledge to improve themselves. (when there is a discovery of new knowledge,
there is a need for us to share it to the society)
o They believed there was no absolute
right or wrong.
(The idea why we have public speaking and
debate)
Sophists
developed the art of public
speaking and debate)
Sophists
He was a critic of the Sophists. he believed that there is an
absolute right or wrong. He created the Socratic Method of
teaching (learning new things simply by
asking questions and considering
different options)
Socrates
Main idea:
o He rejected the idea of democracy as a
form of government.
o Plato believed that the philosopher-kings
should rule.
→ Important contribution:
o The way to be happy was to seek out
continual physical pleasures.
o It also meant a life free from worry and to
some extent, responsibility.
→ Important contribution:
o He described his ideal vision of how
government works in his book Republic.
→ Influence on today:
o He introduced the idea that government
should be fair and just.
Plato
Taught of the idea of the Golden Mean.
(A Golden Mean is the different ways in which we
are doing the things we do to reach our goal)
(If these ways that you are doing are in
accordance with the Golden Rule, then that is the
Golden Mean)
Golden Rule – “Do unto others as you would have
them do unto you.”
Aristotle
He believed observation and comparison
were necessary to gain knowledge.
(You should also consider the study of other
people and compare your findings)
→ Important contribution:
o He wrote over 200 books on philosophy
and science.
o He divided all governments into 3 basic
types.
→ Influence on today:
o His writings helped shaped our
Constitution.
aristotle
(His followers are called “Epicureans”)
Epicurus
(His followers are called “Epicureans”)
→ Main idea:
o Epicurus taught his students that
happiness was the goal in life.
Important contribution:
o The way to be happy was to seek out
continual physical pleasures.
o It also meant a life free from worry and to
some extent, responsibility.
Epicurean means the love of physical
pleasures such as good food and
comfortable surroundings.
Epicurus
Started by a Phoenician named Zeno
who taught that happiness came from the
following reason, not emotions.
(To be happy with what we have, we must follow
reasons, not emotions in decision-making
→ Important contribution:
o Emotions come and go, and are
unreliable
o Usingreason andbeing stable is superior
as it leads to fewer bad times
Stoic is used to describe people who are
not greatly affected by joy or grief.
o Stoics put duty above feelings or
emotions.
Stoics
Copernican Revolution
(The Heliocentric Model of the Universe)
→ Ptolemaic System – Geocentric Model
- Claudius Ptolemy
–Nicolaus Copernicus
he proposed that the sun is in
the middle of the universe, and the Earth and
other planets revolve around it
Nicolaous Copernicus
It was implied in the teachings also from the Bible
that the Earth is the center of the universe since
the statements of Genesis focuses on God’s
creation of different beings.
Claudius Ptolemy came up with concrete
explanation that when different planets revolve
around the earth, they are having a retrograde
loop.
Ptolemaic System – Geocentric Model
- Claudius Ptolemy
invented a telescope and his
findings supported the theory of Nicolaus
Copernicus
gallieo galilei
Darwinian Revolution
- (Evolution of Man)
–Charles Darwin
theory does not only focuses on the
evolution of man but also on the Origin of
Species.
It started based on his observation during a
voyage when he noticed the similarities and
differences between species, and he came up
with the “Theory of Adaption” where species
adapt according to their environment
Darwinian Revolution
Another theory about the evolution of man that is
based from the Bible
Darwinian Revolution
The history of man
shows an upward
tendency
EVOLUTION teaches
Man is a product of his
natural environment
EVOLUTION teaches
The “Universe”
happened, A “Big Bang
Theory” is plausible
EVOLUTION teaches
Man’s morals depend
upon animal instinct
EVOLUTION teaches
Man came from animals
EVOLUTION teaches
