Intelligence Flashcards

Question

Fluid intelligence | (Gf)

Answer 1

Primary reasoning ability * Present at birth and stabilises in adulthood * Problem solving and abstract reasoning * Free from cultural influences

Answer 2

Hierarchical theory based on a factor analysis of 461 data sets (1927-1987) Three hierachal levels of intelligence: 1. Stratum 1: Specific abilities - 69 2. Stratum 2: Braod factors - 8 3. Stratum 3: General intelligence | Systematic organisation and integration of cognitive abilities

Answer 3

The CHC model of intelligence shows an attempt to build a synthesis of several intelligence theories and measurements. Convergence between Cattell’s original work and Carroll’s factor-analytic work. 1. Stratum 1: narrow abilities 2. Stratum 2: Board abilities - 16 3. Stratum 3: General intelligence

Answer 4

Intelligence tests only focus on cognitive abiltiies and performance measures. This does not capture all aspects of intelliegence such as socio-emotional abiltiies and interpersonal skills * Challenges the theory of 'g' as scientific findings don't transfer to educational settings.

Answer 5

Intelligence is the sum of 9 independent intelligences * Independent * Reside in seperate brain sections * Not controlled by any central brain function * Can interact and work together (e.g. dance and sing)

Answer 6

1. Musical 2. Bodily Kinesthetic 3. Interpersonal 4. Verbal-linguistic 5. Logical-mathematical 6. Naturalistic 7. Intrapersonal 8. Visual-spatial 9. Existentialistic

Answer 7

* Some of the intelligences are hard to define and measure (e.g. intrapersonal) * Empirical research to support the theory is limited * Furnham, 2009: Intelligences are intercorrelated with each other and personality traits * Waterhouse, 2006: Different intelligences do not exist in seperate sections of the brain

Answer 8

1. Self-awareness: Identify one’s own emotions 2. Self-regulation: Managing and controlling one’s emotions 3. Motivation: Emotional states related to a drive for achievement 4. Empathy: Assess and influence other’s emotions 5. Social skills: Ability to sustain good interpersonal relationship

Answer 9

Discrepancies in definitions and measurement of EI; the distinction between personality and intelligence is blurred * Intelligence involves a series of mental abilities * Traits: behavioural preferences * Knowing what a person feels was identified as mental ability not a behavioural tendency * Enhanced processing of emotion-related information

Answer 10

The ability to generate ideas or products with novelty and usefulness

Answer 11

The core of creativity and the ability to: * think outside of the box * Reconceptualise old problems in new ways * Come up with multiple solutions Tested using the Torrance test - give simple shapes and ask to create a picture

Answer 12

Threshold hypothesis: craetivity and IQ are correlated but only to a certain threshold (Guildford, 1967) Moderate correlation between creativity and intelligence → ~0.35 (Gerwig et al., 2021)

Answer 13

(Frederick, 2005): Bat and ball problem - Large numbers of highly select university students at MIT and Harvard gave the intuitive but incorrect answer (Stanovich et al., 2020): IQ tests miss the cognitive ability of rational thinking

Answer 14

The inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. * Positive manifold fails to address this ability

Answer 15

1. Cognitive misers (processing problem): Humans default to processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, don’t interfere with cognition and need low concentration 2. Mindware gap: People lack the specific knowledge, rules and strategies needed to think rationally

Answer 16

Convinced was due to genes instead of environment → nature approach Heritability

Answer 17

The scientific theory that humans can be improved through selective breeding - physical or mental qualities * Brought harm to marginalised populations (e.g. black, disabled)

Answer 18

Crytallised: Steep increase in childhood, continues to rise for many years, plateuas about 40-50, declines Fluid: Steep increase in childhood, declines from mid-20s

Answer 19

Intelligence is one of the most stable behavioural traits Intelligence in younger years predicts later life intelligence * Correlation r = 0.54 (IQ at 11 and 90) * Correlation not 1 - environmental impacts

Answer 20

Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their phenotype Heritability indicates to what degree genes influence the difference between the IQs of people

Answer 21

A heritability of 50% means that genes explain 50% of the variation in intelligence in the population

Answer 22

1. Family studies 2. Twin studies 3. Adoption studies

Answer 23

Simultaneous analysis of all family, adoption, and twin data showed a heritability estimate of about 50%

Answer 24

As genetic similarity decreases, so do correlations with intelligence → **genes** When twins/siblings are raised apart, level of IQ similarity is reduced → **environment** Twins share more of an environment than siblings do → accounts for differences between DZ twins and siblings (genetic heritability is same)

Answer 25

Heritability of intelligence is different at different ages Heritability increases with age * Transition from nurture to (more) nature * Intelligence is one of the most heritable behavioural traits * variation is caused by gene-environment interaction

Answer 26

Our genes determine our environment and the interaction we choose e.g. More intelligent = more likely to pursue higher education * Childhood: parents choose environments and interactions * Adulthood: freedom and choice to do what you want

Answer 27

1. Representativeness: twin and adoption studies make up majority of research - lots of limitations 2. Complexity of genetic influence - how do genes produce intelligence? 3. Assortative mating: Tendency to mate withb those that are similar to ourselves

Answer 28

* Studied the similarity of 291 newlywed couples * Measured, e.g., age, religious/political beliefs, education, intelligence * Correlations of couples’ IQs were around r = .40 Caused by the initial selection of a mate (assortment) rather than by couples becoming more similar to each other after living together (convergence) Inflates observed similarity of intelligance in families

Answer 29

1. Intelligence is one of the most stable behavioural trait - 0.54 not 1 2. Intelligence is the most heritable traits - 50% not 100% Genes play an importat role but environment must be an essential factor too - Intelligence is not fixed and malleable

Answer 30

Intelligence is associated with both structural (Brain volume, cortical thickness, white matter connectivity) and functional (processing) differences in the brain

Answer 31

Size, complexity and organisation of brain has changed over time Larger brain = more brain cells = better cognition **McDaniel (2005)**: meta-analysis of 37 studies, over 1,500 individuals - Positive correlation between brain volume and intelligence of 0.33

Answer 32

Increased thickness in childhood followed by suatained thinning (synaptic pruning) around puberty **Shaw et al. (2006)**: Cortex stays thicker for longer in high IQ children - More time to develop a complex and organised brain system

Answer 33

Intelligence is particularly dependent on a brain network that links the frontal to the parietal lobes * White matter connectivity is correlated with IQ (Penke et al., 2012) * Age-related deterioration of white matter tracks alongside age-related cognitive decline in IQ

Answer 34

Intelligence involves a complex network of the whole brain Brains of higher-IQ individuals tend to show less, rather than more activity when completing a task * More efficient processing → not using the whole brain, less activity and pathways

Answer 35

the substantial and sustained increase in intelligence scores over time | shows that it is unlikely that intelligence is determined by genes only

Answer 36

* data from 20 countries * IQ scores were rising yearly across nations * Larger average increase on nonverbal tests compared to verbal

Answer 37

* Meta-analysis * 271 independent samples * Around 4 million participants * 31 countries Worldwide IQ gains across 1909–2013 - Global increase in intelligence Highest rise in non-verbal tests (fluid), lowest rise in verbal (crystallised)

Answer 38

Increased intelligence due to: 1. Nutrition hypothesis: increased height and lifespan, improved health, decreased rate of infant disease, better vitamin and mineral nutrition 2. Cognitive simultaion hypothesis: improved visual analysis skills, improved schooling, changes in parental rearing styles, better-educated parents, smaller families, greater availability of educational toy

Answer 39

1. Biological environment (prenatal, nutrition) 2. Family environment (family size, birth order, group socialisation, SES) 3. School and education 4. Culture

Answer 40

Substance abuse of pregnant women 1. Smoking: Mothers smoked 20+ daily while pregnant - children had low IQ scores aged 18 2. Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - Deficits in abstract thinking, planning and organising information, memory and attention

Answer 41

Breastfeeding (Oddy et al., 2003): Breastfed children performed better on IQ tests compared to children never breast fed * When controlling for parental IQ or genetics, the effect is much smaller/ not present * Maternal intelligence is positively correlated with breastfeeding

Answer 42

1. Larger families = lower IQ 2. First-born = Higher IQ - more undivided attention in childhood?

Answer 43

Harris (1995): Non-shared factors outside the family may be more important in developing intelligence * As children get older, they are more influenced by life outside of family * Children may identify with several social groups based on age, gender, ethnicity, abilities, interests, personality and share norms with and be influenced by these groups * Peer acceptance

Answer 44

SES is significantly related with intelligence with r = 0.3 - 0.4 * Education, intelligence and income are all interchangeably linked - what influences what?

Answer 45

Most important driver of intelligence is education Ceci (1991): meta-analysis * Children attending school more regularly showed higher IQ scores * Students’ IQ scores decrease over the long summer holidays * Each year of schooling is associated with a rise of 2.7 IQ points Cause and effect - Intelligence is likely to influence school attendance, length of schooling and quality of school

Answer 46

Western societies concept of intelligence: 1. Decontextualisation: disconnecting from a particular situation and thinking abstractly, in contrast to context-dependence 2. Quantification: understanding and expressing something in terms of quantity or numbers 3. Biologisation: emphasis on biological and evolutionary theories in understanding mind and behaviours

Answer 47

Western and Asian cultures emphasise academic ability Rural African cultures perceive practical ability as more important Cultural differences may affect equal access to the skills and knowledge required by IQ tests - Test bias (Raven's prohgressive matrices)

Answer 48

* Global changes in intelligence across generations * Gen-enbironment interaction * Nature with nurture - inetractionist approach * Intelligence is malleable * Environment can poistively and negatively impact

Answer 49

1. What is measure on an intelligence test - performance, cognitive functions 2. “Intelligence is a very general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience

Intelligence Flashcards

(73 cards)