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Human Diversity > Methods to study Diversity > Flashcards

Methods to study Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the methods for measuring individual differences?

A
  1. Self-report/ survey
  2. Observational measures
  3. Performance measures
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2
Q

Self-report measures

A

Survey or questionnaire that participant will answer about themselves

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3
Q

Self-report advantages

A
  • Wide-spread/ large scale measure
  • Low cost
  • Easy to administer
  • Can be done online
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4
Q

Self-report disadvantages

A
  • Social desirability bias
  • Acquiescence bias (tendency to agree)
  • Subjective method
  • Requires self-awareness
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5
Q

Experience sampling

A

Participants report their thoughts, feelings or behaviours repeatedly over a certain period of time
Frequency can be daily or multiple times in a day

Can be signalled by a mobile alert, to report at random intervals

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6
Q

Observational measures

A

Collect information by observing the subjects in a natural environment and then analysing the information.

Mark how many times a certain behaviour occurs

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7
Q

Observation advantages

A
  • Less cooperation from participant
  • Used in a naturalistic setting - ecological validity
  • Easy to conduct
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8
Q

Observation disadvantages

A
  • Only measure overt behaviours
  • Observer bias - can be minimised by computerised scoring (e.g. eye tracking )
  • Time consuming
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9
Q

Performance Measures

A

Measures you get from tests
- Accuracy measures (amount right) or response times

Differences reflect differing abilities

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10
Q

Performance measures evaluation

Pros and cons

A

Pro: Objective
Cons: Lacks ecological validity

Intelligence tests doesn’t reflect intelligence in everyday life

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11
Q

Measuring the unconscious mind

A

Implicit association test and priming

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12
Q

Factor analysis

A

Statistical technique used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer “factors”
* Variables testing the same underlying contruct should hughly correlate

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13
Q

Exploratory Factor Analysis

A

Uses the data to determine the number of factors and the correlation between a variable and a factor
The higher the correlation the more important the variable is to the factor

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14
Q

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

A

Statistical technique used to test and verify how well the factor structure fits the data

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15
Q

Structural Brain Imaging

A
  • CT scan: X-ray of thr brain
  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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16
Q

What does an MRI do?

A

Measures brain volume - white matter and grey matter

all associated with individual differences in behaviour

17
Q

How does an MRI work?

A
  • Strong magnetic field causes hydrogen atoms to align
  • Radio waves pass through and cause atoms to ‘relax’, releasing elctromagnetic energy
  • Emitted radiation is detected
  • Different types of matter and tissues produce different signals

Computer then reconstruct an image of the brain

18
Q

Functional brain imaging

A

Measures dynamic physiological changes in the brain
Different physiological changes are associated with different behaviours
* Good spatial but poor temporal resolution
* Brain activation is inferred and interpreted

(fMRI and PET)

19
Q

What does an fMRI do?

A

Measures the increased blood flow and blood oxygen consumed in certain brain regions when performing specific tasks

20
Q

How does an fMRI work?

A
  • Measures a magnetic signal that changes depending on how much oxygen is in the blood
  • Brain area gets used, the neurons in that area consume oxygen
  • Comparison to a control/ baseline condition is necessary
21
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A
  • Radioactive tracer is injected to the bloodstream and the amount of radioactivity in each area of the brain is measured
  • Enables observation of blood flow in the brain
  • More blood to activated areas of the brain
22
Q

How do we know what activation is associated with specific processes?

A
  1. Subtraction method: Substract control brain activation from task activation
  2. Conjunction method:
23
Q

Functional soecialisation vs Functional Integration

A
  1. Functional specialisation: WHERE in the brain is activation happening
  2. Functional Integration: HOW do the different brain areas work together during activation tasks
24
Q

Diffusion tensor Imaging

A

Diffusion of water molecules along the neural tracts
* Conveys the network architecture of the brain

25
Q

Electrophysiological measures

A
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Good temporal resoluation but poor spatial
26
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Records electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp

Produces event-related potentials

27
Q

Event-related potentials

(EEG)

A

The electrophysiological changes elicited by particular stimuli or cognitive tasks

28
Q

What is a gene?

A

The basic physical and functional unit of inheritance

29
Q

Genotype

A

The gentic constitution of an individual
* Inherited and internal

30
Q

Phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual
* resulting from the interaction of the genotype with the environment

31
Q

Heritability

A

Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits.

32
Q

Family vs twin vs adoption studies

A

Family: 50% shared genes, shared environment
Twins: 100% (MZ) and 50% (DZ)
Adoption: Non-shared environment

33
Q

Cross-cultural research

A

Comparison of traits (or relationships between traits) across two or more cultures
* Culture is the unit of analysis

34
Q

Unpacking studies

cross-cultural research

A

Finding the underlying (individual-level) variable(s) that lead to the observed cultural difference
* e.g. cross-cultural differences in maths is explained by differences in education

Human Diversity (6 decks)

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