Intelligence Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is intelligence?
-E=mc^2
-Very hard to discern what we mean by intelligence
How is intelligence considered in psychology?
-Concerned with defining and measuring
-One thing or many?
-Inherited or learned?
-Group differences
-Animal intelligence
-Relationship between intelligence and achievement, genius, creativity and wisdom
-Evolution
What are the chapters in Sternberg (2000) book of intelligence?
-Artificial
-Social
-Emotional
-Culture
-Neurophysiology
-Teaching intelligence
Extreme ends of the spectrum and intelligence - what does this mean
A) Mental retardation
-Intellectual/learning diability
-IQ < 70
-Childhood onset
-Adaptive behaviour deficits
B)Giftedness:
-Lewis Terman study of IQ above average students
Definitions of intelligence?
Weschler: “Intelligence, operationally defined, is global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and deal effectively with his environment”
Gottfredson: “Involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learning quickly and from experience”
What is the historical development of intelligence?
Galton, first to study using scientific methods, reported first twin study, studied successful men, bell-shaped curve, eugenics.
Binet, invented first standardised test of intelligence test, considered mentally retarded kids, tests determined highest mental age of the child, developed norms
Mental quotient, Binet Simon tests created thus, became known as intelligence quotient or IQ (mental age/chronological age) x 100
The era of intelligence testing, many countries adopted, WW1 US army mass scale (army & beta), SAT test
What are some theories or models of intelligence?
-Operationalism = intelligence is what an intelligence test measures
-Factor analysis = reducing correlations to a smaller number of factors (only as good as what you put in)
What were Spearman’s contributions to intelligence?
-Spearman, used factor analysis, generated “G” or general intelligence – argued for correlation between tests, therefore g
-2 factor theory, psychometric theory of intelligence
-Argued that each type of intellectual task has some variance that makes it unique,
-Intelligence = g + s
What did Thurstone 1938 contribute to intelligence?
-Theory of primary mental abilities
Seven primary abilities
-Word fluency
-verbal comprehension
-spatial ability
-numeracy
-memory
-reasoning
-perceptual speed
What did Catell contribute to intelligence?
Distinguished between fluid and crystallised intelligence - a contemporary robust discovery.
Fluid / gf:
-Biological
-Declines with age
-Ravens test
-(50-60%)
Crystallised of gc:
-Culturally/environmentally based
-Learning, vocabulary, general knowledge
What are the subcategories of G in the C-H-C model of cognitive abilities?
-Fluid intelligence
-Crystalised intelligence
-Generic memory and learning
-Visual perception
-Auditory perception
-Retrieval ability
-Cognitive speediness
-Reaction times
What did David Wechsler contribute?
Weschler scales
-Army alpha v beta
-1939 Weschler-Bellevue intelligence scale
-1955 Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)
-Wechsler Itelligence scale children (WISC)
-WPPSI – for kids
Wechsler theoretical position?
-Believed in G theory, but believed his tests measured an aspect of personality and to be clinical instruments more so than psychometric devices.
-More concerned with how people solved a problem
What is the W.A.I.S dynasty?
-1955 Wechsler adult intelligence scale
-WAIS-R
-WAIS-III
-WAIS-IV
-WAIS-5
WAIS-III information?
-13 subscales- verbal, performance
-7 verbal subscales - vocab, similarities, information, comprehension, arithmetic, digit-span, letter-number sequencing
-6 performance subscales – picture completion, block design, matrix reasoning, digit symbol
-seperate scores, verbal IQ, perfromace IQ, total
What are the four factors that tend to underpin the WAIS?
-Processing speed
-Working memory
-Perceptual organisation
-Verbal comprehension
WAIS-4 information:
-10 core subtests
-5 supplementary subtests
-4 index scales
-Full scale IQ includes verbal, perceptual, working, processing
-Verbal IQ replaced by verbal comprehension index (VCI)
-Performance IQ replaced with perceptual reasoning index (PRI)
How is full scale intelligence constructed in the WAIS-4?
-Verbal comprehension
similarities, vocab, information
-Perceptual reasoning
block designs, matric reasoning, visual puzzles
-Working Memory
digit span, arithmetic
-Processing speed
symbol search, coding
-Mean score can be placed on the normal distribution of intelligence. 15SD
What are the psychometrics of the WAIS-4
very normative sample (ages, ethnicities etc)
Reliability - SEM reported for 15 subtests for 13 different age groups
Test-retest reliability
Validity - 50+ experience and years using WAIS data, correlations with WAIS-III and WISC-IV, comparison with criterion groups.
WAIS-5 information?
-Ages 16-90
-to administer you need a qualification
-Quicker - 7 subscales can be done in 45 minutes, 10 in 60
-paper or digital
five factors
1) verbal comprehension
2) visual spatial ability
3) fluid reasoning
4) working memory
5) processing speed
Controversies of intelligence testing?
Goddard: Eugenics
-believed feeble-mindedness could be inherited, therefore activated that defective people don’t reproduce.
1931 laws in twenty-seven states
US immigration department, 1913 deportations due to feeble-mindedness due to 300%
Describe the Flynn Effect
“the mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978” - Flynn, 1987
IQ gains of 5-25 points in a single generation. 1SD.
Replicated in numerous countries.
-Cannot be explained by heritability or genetics (evolution happens over a longer period)
-Improved nutrition?
-Improved education?
-What exactly are the tests measuring?
What are some of the explanations of the Flynn Effect?
-The effect is not real & does not reflect genuine increase in IQ score - people are more used to sitting tests
-Improved education. length of formal education has increased.
-Improved nutrition. Pre-natal and post-natal period, crucial stages for brain groth
-Infectious diseases - better control and treatment
-Environmental - more stimulating environments providing opportunities for cognitive development
What does the Flynn Effect essay need to consider
1) What is the Flynn Effect
2) Define, early work
3) explanations that have been given to explain it - and evaluate these
