Intelligence lecture 1 Flashcards by Megan Verrier

Why are implicit theories of interest (3)

Important to everyday life
Give rise to formal theories
Question formal theories

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what are implicit theories?

Individuals develop theories, beliefs and deeply held schema about human attributes (Dweck, 2000; 2006) - unconscious ideas

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How can personal theories of intelligence affect everyday life? (7)

education, work, employability, friends, family, perception of others, interaction with others

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What are the two types of implicit theories linked to motivation? What do they mean?

Incremental (flexible) - intelligence is able to change
Entity (fixed) - intelligence remains fixed

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Costa & Faria (2018) found what in their meta-analysis comparing implicit theories and academic performance?

A low but significant association, particularly in verbal and quantitative skill-based subjects (eng, maths, sci)
Malleable views of intelligence = better grades overall
Fixed views of intelligence = positive association in some subjects but not as much

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What do the results of Costa and Faria’s (2018) study suggest about how people with fixed and malleable views of intelligence do in education?

fixed = lower motivation and attainment
malleable = higher motivation and attainment

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What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about recognition of improved performance after poor performance in the workplace?

malleable view = more recognition of improved performance than fixed

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What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about recognition of declining performance after good performance in the workplace?

malleable = more recognition of declining performance than fixed

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What did Heslin et al. (2005) find about the effect of irrelevant poor performance information on performance ratings?

The irrelevant poor performance was more likely to impact the performance rating of those with a fixed view.

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What was the effect of training a manager to hold a different implicit belief on their appraisal ratings?

Exposing those with a fixed view to malleable views could modify their view to a more malleable one and those that adopted this view were more open to acknowledging changes in employee performance.

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What were that categories that Sternberg, Conway, Ketron & Bernstein, 1981 made participants list behaviours of? (4)

Intelligence
Academic intelligence
Everyday intelligence
Unintelligent

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What are the 3 dimensions of intelligence found by Sternberg et al. (1981)? What do they mean?

Practical problem solving - Effectively deal with problems we face in everyday life
Verbal ability - Express yourself effectively and with some eloquence
Social competence - Be accepted and fulfilled socially

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What are the 6 dimensions of intelligence found by Sternberg in 1985?

Practical problem solving
Verbal ability
Intellectual balance and integration
Goal orientation and attainment
Contextual intelligence
Fluid thought

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What are traditional Western views of intelligence based on? (2)

Aristotle and Plato
Greco-Judeo-Christian heritage

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What are traditional Eastern views of intelligence based on? (3)

Taoist
Confucian
Buddhist

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What are the 3 souls of the natural world as identified by Aristotle and Plato?

vegetative soul (linked to plants)
sensitive soul (linked to animals capable of movement)
intellectual soul (linked to humans)

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What are the two forms of reason identified by Aristotle and Plato? What do they mean?

Discursive reasoning - slow, explicit logical steps
Intuitive reasoning - quick, no deductive process

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What mental properties do Aristotle and Plato assign to the sensitive soul, unlike intelligence? (3)

memory
sensory perception
imagination

How do western cultures view intelligence? (5 triats)

Speed/depth of mental processing
Verbal Abilities
Emphasis on learning
Good memory
Good cognitive skills

What is the main emphasis of Eastern views on philosophy?

relating to others

What are the 5 aspects of intelligence found by Yang and Sternberg (1997) when researching Taiwanese Chinese people?

General cognitive factor intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence (relations)
Intrapersonal intelligence (self-awareness)
Intellectual self-assertion (confidence/awareness)
Intellectual self-effacement (modesty)

What do Eastern views on intelligence focus on? (3)

High level thinking
Judgement
Decision making

What do Malay psychology student view intelligence as? (4) What characteristics do they emphasise over Australians?

Adaptability
Speed
Creativity of problem solving
Prize both social and cognitive characteristics

Emphasise social characteristics

What do Australian psychology students view intelligence as? (2)

Academic acumen
Adaptability to new situations

What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found to be similar in Chinese and Australian adults? (4)

Willingness to think Willingness to observe Wide range of interest Independent Thinking

What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found in Chinese but not Australian adults? (4)

Ability to learn Analytical ability Sharp thinking Displaying confidence

What are the intelligence characteristics that Fang and Keats found in Australian but not Chinese adults? (2)

Logical Reasoning Problem-Solving

Looking deeper into Costa and Faria's (2018) study on malleable and fixed impacts on grades - what are the geographical differences? (Eastern, European, North American)

Eastern continents have a positive association between flexible ideas and attainment. Europeans have a positive association between fixed beliefs and attainment. North Americans have a negative association between fixed beliefs and attainment.

What are the 5 aspects of intelligence identified by Lim, Plucker and Im (2002) when looking at Korean adults? Which factor do they value the most?

Social competence Problem-solving abilities Coping with novelty Self-management Practical competence Value social competence

What factors other than culture could influence opinions on intelligence? (3)

Education Individual experience Age etc.

What were Galton's (~1865) general views on intelligence?

First to suggest human beings differ on intelligence Intelligence is measurable and based on biological factors The ability to reason and respond to a large range of experiences through the senses

What is the difference between positive and negative eugenics?

Positive encourages reproduction of the good traits, negative discourages reproduction of the bad traits

What did Binet (~1904) develop? (2) Why?

The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence The concept of mental age and norms to compare to To use as an educational tool

What logical error did Binet want to avoid?

If something has a name, it must be an entity or a being that has an independent existence of its own - intelligence is just too complicated to be summed up in one number

What are Binet's 3 cardinal principles?

- Test scores are for practical purposes, they do not link to a theory and do not define anything innate or permanent. Cannot explicitly link the score to intelligence. - The scale is a rough, empirical guide for identifying children who need support. It cannot be used for ranking all children. - Low scores are an indication that support is needed not that a child is innately incapable

What did Terman (~1910s) create and what/who was it based on? What was introduced?

The Stanford-Binet scale Built on Goddard's work to bring the Binet scale to the US then established new items and norms Standardisation

How is IQ calculated using the Stanford-Binet scale?

IQ = (mental age/chronological age)*100

In which ways do Goddard and Terman ignore Binet's cardinal principles? (2)

Viewed intelligence as a single, innate entity captured by the scale Wanted to use it to categorise all of American society and use it as part of the immigration process

What did the Journal of Educational Psychology do in 1921? What was the outcome?

Brought together experts to collate ideas on what intelligence is !4 different opinions - no consensus

What did Yerkes (~1917) do?

Adapted the Stanford-Binet scale to support the war effort (WW1) - used for recruitment Made it group testing, not 1:1 Developed army alpha and army beta

In which countries did eugenics inform social policy in the early 1900s? (4)

USA, Canada, Australia, Scandanavia etc.

Which groups did Terman (1925) believe were low in intelligence using his measure? (3)

African-American Mexican Spanish-Indian

What did Sternberg & Detterman (1986) find when replicating the earlier attempt to get an expert consensus? (1,6)

No one definition was offered -Adaptability -Abstract thinking -Adjustment to environment -Knowledge capacity -Independence -Originality

Intelligence lecture 1 Flashcards

Implicit theories