Intelligence lecture 2 Flashcards
Theories and measures
What did Spearman find when testing intelligent-related test scores for UK school children from 1904 to 1921? What did he theorise to explain this?
A positive relation between the scores
There is a general intelligence factor - he called ‘g’
What is in Spearman’s 2 factor model and what is within each factor?
- Specific abilities - vocabulary, maths, spatial
- General intelligence - g, the underlying performance on all specific abilities
What tests did Spearman’s g lead to the creation of? (3)
WAIS
WISC
Raven’s matrices
What did David Wechsler (~1939) develop (2) and what were they based on?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Scale for Children (WISC)
Based on Spearman’s work
How is intelligence calculated and standardised on the WAIS?
(Actual test score/expected score of that age) x 100 then standardised
The mean score of the standardised scores is zero (normally distributed)
What are some of the subtests making up the WAIS? (6)
- Vocabulary
- Similarities
- Block design
- Matric reasoning
- Digit span
- Symbol search
Why is the WAIS seen to measure g?
G influences performance of the specific abilities and these abilities are each measured by some tests in the WAIS - altogether it makes G
How is the WAIS different to previous tests?
Compared the scores to means rather than age to involve deviation IQ - avoids proportional change across age groups as you are instead compared to the expected score for your age that is standardised
What does John Raven (~1938) focus on when designing his test?
The idea that g is an abstract ability
How does Raven’s progressive matrices differ from other tests? Why does he do this?
It uses images rather than language in order to be a test free from cultural differences
What are 3 uses of intelligence tests?
Education - e.g. SEN
Research - e.g. associations with intelligence, group differences
Clinical settings - e.g. brain injuries
What did L.L Thurston argue? (2)
- Spearman’s work hadn’t shown that ‘g’ was influencing the different tests, only that they correlated
- ‘g’ results from seven ‘primary mental abilities’ rather than lies behind them
What are Thurston’s 7 primary abilites?
Associative memory
Number
Perceptual speed
Reasoning
Space
Verbal comprehension
Word fluency
What did Raymond Cattell propose?
Fluid and crystallised intelligence
What is Fluid intelligence (Gf)?
The ability to solve abstract relational problems that have not been explicitly taught and are free from cultural influences.
What is Crystallised intelligence (Gc)?
The ability to solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired in school or through other experiences
Which kinds of intelligence do the WAIS and Raven’s each measure better?
WAIS = crystallised
Raven’s = fluid
What are the 3 groups of elemental abilities suggested by J.P. Guildford?
- Operations: Mental processing - evaluation, memory, cognition
- Content: Mental material we possess that operations are performed on - visual, auditory, semantic, behavioural, symbolic
- Products: how information is stored, processed and used to make connections - units, classes, relations, systems
What is an issue with Guildford’s structure of intellect theory?
Opens up the ideas of what intelligence is, but may be too complex to provide a definitive theory and little support when theory has been tested
What did Philip Vernon (1950;1956) argue?
Intelligence is made up of various groups of abilities that can be described at various levels
From specific, to groups to general
What are the levels on Vernon’s hierarchy?
- G
- Two major groups - verbal/educational and spatial/mechanical
- Minor groups, divided from the major groups
- Specific factors
What are 2 hierarchical theories, other than Vernon’s?
- Three-Striatum Model of Human Cognitive Abilities (Carroll, 1993)
- Cattle-Horn-Carroll Theory (McGrew, 1997)
What are the types of intelligence included in Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences? (8)
Musical
Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Linguistic
Mathematical
Naturalistic
Intrapersonal
Visual
What were Howard Gardner’s main arguments? (4)
- Disputes that intelligence is a sensory system
- Disagrees that intelligence is the same as a learning process
- Intelligence needs to be assessed through activities, not traditional tests
- Western education is tailored to certain abilities and not others
