Interactions Flashcards by Ken Valdellana

involves direct interaction between individuals

Interference Competition

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is a condition where there is a limited supply of
resource

Resource limitation

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takes place when
members of the same species compete

Intraspecific competition

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happens between
individuals of two species that reduces the
fitness of both

Interspecific competition

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A competition involving the use of limited
resources

Resource

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They involved growing of Sorghasum nutans at low
density and high density
 Those grown at low density grew to a larger
size at all nitrogen concentrations

Tilman and Cowan

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As the stand of trees develops, more and more
biomass is composed of fewer and fewer
individuals

Self-thinning

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studied interactions among planthoppers (Homoptera,
Delphacidae)

Denno and Roderick (1992)

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Scientific name of Plamthopper

Prokelisia marginata

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showed reduced survivorship, decreased body
length, and increased developmental time

P. marginata

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used a field experiment to study the effects of a wide range of biotic interactions on the population biology of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber

Grosholz (1992)

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whose principal interest was interspecific competition, helped ensure a prominent place for the niche concept in modern ecology

G. F. Gause (1934)

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states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.

Competitive exclusion principle

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who linked differences in beak size and form among Darwin’s finches to differences in their feeding niches

David Lack (1946)

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represented the feeding niches of Darwin’s finches by their beak morphology

Peter Grant (1986)

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large ground finch scientific name

Geospiza magnirostris

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medium ground finch SN

G. fortis

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small ground finch SN

G. fuliginosa

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can have significant ecological
and evolutionary influences on the niches of
species.

Competition

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can have short -term ecological
effects on the niches of species by restricting
them to realized niches

Competition

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the circumstance in
which two species differ more from each other
in geographic areas where they occur together
than where their distributions do not overlap

Character displacement

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who list six
criteria that must be met to build a definitive
case for character displacement

Mark Taper and Ted Case (1992)

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six criteria that must be met to build a definitive
case for character displacement

Morphological differences, genetic basis, different founder, known effect, demonstrated competition, and differences in the resources available.

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enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual.

Exploitative Interactions

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consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.

Herbivores

kill and consume other organisms

Predators

live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host, but not generally killing it.

Parasites

an insect whose larva consumes its host and kills it in the process

Parasitoid

induce disease, a debilitating condition, in their hosts

Pathogens

when one organism makes its living at the expense of another

Exploitation

who estimated that the approximately 500 known species occupying Lake Okeechobee, Florida, are linkedbyabout25,000 exploitative interactions.

K. E. Havens (1994)

spiny-headed worms

Acanthocephalans

small aquatic crutaceans

amiphods

Uninfected amphipods avoid the light shows

negative phototaxis

Infected amphipods swim toward light shows

positive phototaxis

Amphipod behavior remains unaltered until the acanthocephalan has reached a life stage

Cystacanth

studied a similar parasite-host interaction involving an acanthocephalan, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceous,a terrestrial isopod or pill bug, Armadillidium vulgare, and the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris.

Janice Moore (1983, 1984)

studied Predation, Parasitism, and Competition In Populations of Tribolium

Thomas Park

studied the influence of a herbivorous stream insect on the algal and bacterial populations upon which it feeds.

Gary Lamberti and Vincent Resh (1983)

The dominant herbivores in the complex three dimensional framework of forests

arthropods

Red foxes SN

Vulpes vulpes

reported that mange mites, Sarcoptes scabiei, were first found infesting red foxes in north-central Sweden in 1975

Erik Lindstrom

Mountain hares

Lepus timidus

have the potential to reduce the quantity and quality of their food supply

Snowshoe hares

who observed snowshoe hare population densities of up to1,100 to 2,300 per square kilometer

Keith (1984)

situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites

Refuges

a refuge for birds from terrestrial predators

Flight

many forms of spatial refuge are familiar

burrows, trees, air, water, and land

St. John's wort SN

Hypericum perforatum

Living in a large group provides a type of refuge

Protection in Numbers

results in increasing rate of food intake as prey density increases.

Predator functional response

results in increased predator density as prey density increases.

Numerical response

takes place when prey can reduce their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities

predation satiation

result of prey avoiding high-risk situations

the ecology of fear

gray wolves SN

Canis lupus

elk SN

Cervus elaphus

proposed an alternative approach which focused on the functional response of predators

Roger Arditi

states that functional response is determined only by the abundance of the prey

Prey-dependent functional response

The rate at which prey are consumed by a predator depends on:

1. Searching efficiency 2. Handling time for a particular type of prey 3. Abundance of prey in the environment

states that the rate of prey consumption, that is, the functional response, is determined by the ratio of prey numbers to predator numbers or in other words, the per capita availability of prey

ratio-dependent functional response

best accounts for variation in feeding rates by wolves preying on moose on Isle Royale

Arditi-Ginzburg ratio-dependent model

are interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners

Mutualism

an interaction between two species benefits one of them, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed, such an interaction

commensalism

Some species can live without their mutualistic partners

facultative mutualism

dependent upon the mutualistic relationship that they cannot live in its absence

obligate mutualism

Example of plant mutualism

nitrogen fixation, nutrient absorption, pollination, seed dispersal

provide plants with greater access to inorganic nutrients while feeding off

Mycorrhizal fungi

was the first to correctly recognize that mycorrhizae involve a mutualistic relation between plants and fungi

Albert B. Frank (1885)

Two common types of mycorrhizae

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizae (ECM)

Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal red clover

Trifolium pretense

The ants that are mutualistic with bullhorn, or swollen thorn, acacias are members of the genus

Pseudomyrmex

Leaflet tips modified into concentrated food sources

Beltian bodies

Reef-building corals and unicellular algae, members of the phylum Dinoflagellata

Zooxanthellae

growth in which all cell constituents, such as nitrogen, carbon, and DNA, increase at the same rate.

Balanced growth

producing fixed carbon at a much higher rate than other cell constituents.

unbalanced growth

do not harbor zooxanthellae continuously excrete ammonium into their environment

Tubastrea aurea

do not excrete measurable amounts of ammonium

Pocillopora damicornis

Protect the corals from a variety of sea stars that prey on corals but especially from attacks by the crown-of-thorns sea star

Acanthaster planci

Modeling of mutualism has generally taken one of two approaches:

1. Lotka-Volterra equations 2. Cost-benefit analysis

give and receive measurable benefits to another organism

Successful mutualists

give benefits to another organism but, for some reason, do not receive any benefit in return

Unsuccessful mutualists

neither giving nor receiving benefit from a mutualistic partner

nonmutualists

-The fitness of a plant that produces extra floral nectaries and that successfully attracts ants effective at guarding it

Successful

The fitness of a plant that produces extrafloral nectaries but that has not attracted enough ants to mount a successful defense.

Unsuccessful

The fitness of individuals of a plant such as Helianthella that does not produce extrafloral nectaries.

nonmutualistic

honey badger SN

Mellivora capensis

Studied interaction of the greater honeyguide with the Boran people of northern Kenya

Isack and Reyer (1989)

the average amount of time it takes to find a bees’ nest

3.2 hours

Without the aid of a honeyguide the average search time per bees’ nest

8.9 hours

Three variables decrease as distance to the nest decreases:

1. the time the bird stays out of sight during its first disappearance following the initial encounter 2. the distance between stops made by the bird on the way to the bees’ nest 3. the height of the perch on the way to the nest.

Interactions Flashcards

(90 cards)