Population Ecology Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Provided mechanisms of evolutionary change in
population. Population descended from a common ancestor
whose descendants had changed after reaching
each island
A
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
2
Q
process that changes populations of
organisms over time.
A
Evolution
3
Q
characteristics producing that advantage
A
preserved
4
Q
unfavorable
characteristics of other individuals
A
destroyed
5
Q
First draft of theory of natural selection
A
1842
6
Q
proposed that differential
survival and reproduction of individuals would
produce changes in species populations over
time
A
Darwin (1859)
7
Q
an evolutionary process that
changes anatomy, physiology, or behavior, resulting in an improved ability of the members
of a population to live in a particular
environment.
A
Adaptation
8
Q
rare traits, no matter
how favorable, would be blended out of a
population, preventing change as a
consequence.
A
Blending inheritance
9
Q
Augustinian monk, developing the facility with
mathematics necessary to complete theory of
natural selection. - uncovered the basic mechanisms of
inheritance. - probability and statistics
A
Gregor Mendel
10
Q
garden pea SN
A
Pisum sativum
11
Q
consists of its observable characteristics, which result in interactions between the genetic makeup of the individual and their environment.
A
phenotype
12
Q
the substrate upon which the environment acts during the process of natural selection determining the extent of sources in variation within population is one of the most fundamental consideration in evolutionary studies
A
Phenotypic variations
13
Q
sticky cinquefoil SN
A
Potentilla glandulosa
14
Q
variation among individuals in form and function as a result of environmental influences
A
Phenotypic plasticity
15
Q
locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species.
A
Ecotypes
16
Q
Acts to impede changes or to stop changes in population
Acts against extreme phenotypes and as a consequence it favors the average phenotype
A
Stabilizing population
17
Q
have lower rates of reproduction and survival
A
Extreme phenotypes
18
Q
Favors an extreme phenotype over other
phenotype in the population
The larger individuals in the population would
have higher rate of survival and reproduction
The average and small individuals would have
lower rates
A
Directional Selection
19
Q
It favors two or more extreme phenotypes over
the average phenotypes in a population. Individuals with average body size have lower
rate of survival and reproduction than
individuals of either large or small body
A
Disruptive Selection
20
Q
that the environment
determines the evolution of the anatomy, physiology, and behavior of organism
A
theory of natural selection
21
Q
the proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait, such as body size or pigmentation, that is attributable to genetic variance
A
heritability
22
Q
the environment has a substantial effect on many aspects of the phenotype of organisms. Food, amount of light, temperature, and other environmental factors
A
Environmental variance (VE)
23
Q
with intermediate size beaks is
relatively uncommon or very few. High level of
immigrating and high mortality
A
Geospiza fortis
24
Q
change in the frequency of an
existing gene variant in the population due to
random chance.
A
Genetic drift
25
the original population
undergoes a random event
bottleneck event
26
number of individuals in a
particular population is isolated from that
population
founding event
27
predicts that
small population size will be more subject to
genetic drift, which can result in a loss of
genetic variation
Hardy-Weinberg principle
28
who compared the
genetic diversity of Island and Mainland
the population of both animals and plants
Richard Frankham (1997)
29
organisms are solely found in a particular area or habitat
Endemic
30
lower in isolated and generally small, island populations
Genetic variation
31
cannot be eliminated as a contributor to the higher extinction rates observed on islands.
Genetic factors
32
Host for Melitaea cinxia
Plantago lanceolata and Veronica spicata
33
mating between close relatives, is more likely in small populations,
Inbreeding
34
indicator of genetic variability
Heterozygosity
35
animal and plant breeders have produced thousands of varieties of domesticated plants and animals from a wild ancestor
Artificial selection
36
alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism through the introduction or deletion of genes.
genetic engineering
37
The weeds in fields planted with genetically modified, herbicide-resistant soybeans can be controlled with herbicides, in a system of cultivation called
no-till agriculture
38
Reduced production cost, higher crop yield, reduced soil erosion, and better weed control.
benefits
39
the world’s most widely used herbicide, commonly sold under the trade name of Roundup.
Glyphosate
40
Defined as a group of individuals
of a single species inhabiting a specific area. It may consist of highly localized groups of
individuals representing a fraction of the total
the population of species or it may consist of all
the individuals of a species across its entire
range
Population
41
Ecologists study populations for many reasons:
1. Saving endangered species
2. Controlling pest populations
3. Managing fish and game populations
4. Offer clues to understanding and controlling
disease epidemics
5. Growth of the human population
42
summarizes the
environmental factors that influenced the
growth, survival, and reproduction of species
niches
43
centered around the influences of the
physical environment
Grinnell
44
included biological interactions, as well
as abiotic factors.
Elton
45
defines the physical
conditions under which a species might live, in
the absence of interactions with other species.
fundamental niche
46
the actual niche of a species
whose distribution is limited by biotic
interactions such as competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.
realized niche
47
described how along the coast of Scottland, adult Chthamalus stellatus is restricted to the upper levels of the intertidal zone while adult Balanus balanoides are limited to the middle and lower levels
Joseph Connell (1961)
48
suffer higher mortality
Balanus balanoides
49
appear to be more vulnerable to desiccation or drying
Balanus
50
refers to small distances over which there is little environmental change significant to the organism under study
Small scales
51
refers to areas over which there is substantial environmental change. Patterns over an entire continent or patterns along a mountain slope or environmental gradient.
Large scale
52
Three Basic Patterns of Distribution observed on Small Scales
random, regular, and clumped
53
an individual has an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area
- neutral interactions between individuals, and between individuals and the local environment.
Random
54
individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment - antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources.
Regular
55
individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance.
Clumped
56
The young shrubs tend to be clumped for three
reasons:
1. Seeds germinate at a limited number of “safe sites”
2. Seeds are not dispersed far from the parent
plant.
3. Asexually produced offspring are
necessarily close to the parent plant.
57
who map patterns of bird
abundance across North America using the
Christmas Bird Counts (begin in 1900)
Terry Root
58
High density and appear as red
patches
Hot spots
59
he produces one of the clearest demonstrations of the relationship between body size and population density (Herbivorous mammals).
John Damuth (1981)
60
pointed out that plant
Ecologists have been studying the relationship
between plant size and population density for a
longer time
James White (1985)
61
one of the most fundamental aspects of
population biology.
relationship bet. size and density
62
add individuals to populations
births and immigration
63
remove
individuals from populations
deaths and emigration
64
concerned with the
factors influencing the expansion, decline, or
maintenance of populations
Population dynamics
65
Honey bee SN
Apis mellifera
66
Can increase or decrease local
population densities. It is an important aspect of population dynamics.
Dispersal
67
dispersed by winds, water or
transported by a variety of mammals.
Plant seeds
68
may spend their lives attached to rocks
Barnacle
69
travel the high seas on far
ranging ocean currents
Larvae
70
often disperse from
the area where they are born and may join
other local populations
Young mammals and birds
71
changes in the density
of predator populations in response to
increased prey density.
Numerical responses
72
part of a larger population, with
which it sustains a limited exchange of individuals
through immigration and emigration. (ex. population
of butterflies that lives in a specific place and then
scattered)
subpopulation
73
group of subpopulations living on such patches
connected by exchange of individuals among
patches
metapopulation
74
Rocky mountain parmesan butterfly
Parnassius smintheus
75
summarizes the pattern of
survival in a population.
survivorship curve
76
bookkeeping devices that list both the survivorship and the deaths, or mortality, in populations.
life tables
77
A group born during the same time period; for
example, the same year
Cohort
78
A life table made from data collected in this way is
called
cohort life table
79
Record the age at death of
a large number of individuals. The method
involves a Snapchat of survival within a
population during a short interval of time
Static life table
80
consists of the proportion
of individuals of different ages within a
population
age distribution
81
indicate periods of successful
reproduction, periods of high and low survival,
and whether the older individuals in a
population are replacing themselves or if the
population is declining.
age distribution
82
population reflects its
history of survival, reproduction, and potential
for future growth.
age distribution
83
A relatively high rate of survival among young
and middle-aged individuals followed by a high
rate of mortality among the aged
type one survivorship
84
Constant rates of survival throughout life
produced this straight line pattern survival
type 2 survivorship curve
85
period of extremely high rates of
mortality among the young is followed by a
relatively high rate of survival
type 3 survivorship curve
86
Three types of Survivorship Curves
type one, type two, type three
87
the number of young born per female in
a period of time
birthrate
88
The tabulation of birthrates for females of
different ages in a population
fecundity schedule
89
Fluctuation is
produce by large scale climatic system
El nino
90
Two complementary approaches
1. Mathematics to model population growth
2. Studies of laboratory and natural populations
91
grows slowly at first then faster and faster.
Population grow accelerate
maximum rate
92
which successive
generations differ in size by a constant ratio.
geometric population growth
93
express the rate of
population growth which is the change in
numbers with change in time as per the capita rate
of increase
exponential growth
94
have a tremendous
capacity for increase, and unlimited population
growth cannot be maintained in any
population for very many generations
Natural populations
95
estimate population sizes in growth by
counting the number of pollen grain of each
tree species deposited within lake sediments.
By counting the number of pollen grains per
square centimeter deposited each year
Bennett (1983)
96
which first appeared in the pollen record of the
study lake about 9,500 years ago.
Pinus sylvestris
97
Eurasian collared dove
Streptopelia decaocto
98
Environmental limitation
is incorporated into another model of
population growth
population growth
99
The population size at which
growth stops, which is the number of
individuals of a particular population that the
environment can support.
carrying capacity or K
100
obtained sigmoidal growth curves
for populations of several species of yeast and
protozoa
Gause (1934)
101
Because the effects of biotic factors, such as
disease and predation, are often influenced by
population density, biotic factors are often
referred to
density-dependent factors
102
Abiotic factors, such as floods and extreme
temperature, can exert their influences
independently of population density and so are
often called
density-independent factors
103
can influence populations in a
density-dependent fashion.
Abiotic factors
104
can affect
populations in a density-independent way
Biotic factors
105
one of the main sources of
food for cactus finches on Genovesa Island
Opuntia helleri
106
the most populous countries
on the planet.The remainder of the human
population is spread across Africa, Europe ,
North America , and South and Central America
and the Caribbean . The remainder live in
Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and scattered
oceanic islands)
China and India
107
projected
to decline to less than 0.5% by 2050.
Global growth rate
108
Redwood tree SN
Sequoia sempervirens
109
consists of the adaptations of an
organism that influence aspects of its biology
such as the number of offspring it produces, its
survival, and its size and age at reproductive
maturity.
Life history
110
underscores the fact
that if an organism uses energy for one function
such as growth, it reduces the amount of
energy available for other functions such as
reproduction.
principle of allocation
111
who pointed out that fish show
more variation in many life history traits than
any other group of animals
Winemiller (1995)
112
ranges from the one or
two large live young produced by mako sharks
to the 600,000,000 eggs per clutch laid by the
ocean sunfish
clutch size
113
interested in determining the relationship between egg size and egg number, or fecundity, and the extent of
gene flow among populations.
Turner and Trexler (1998)
114
simply the number of eggs
or seeds produced by an organism
Fecundity
115
are small, stream-lined benthic
fishes that live in rivers and streams
throughout eastern and central North
America
Darters
116
an important face of the
population biology of all organisms,
including plants.
dispersal
117
Species with woody
thickening of their tissues were considered as
woody plants
118
climbing plants and vines were classified as
climbers
119
If seeds had hooks, spines, or barbs,
they were classified as
adhesion-adapted
120
seeds with wings, hairs, or other
structures that provide air resistance
were assigned to
wind-dispersed category
121
a structure on the surface of some
seeds generally containing oils attractive to
ants, as ant-dispersed
elaiosome
122
Seeds with an aril, a fleshy covering of some
seeds that attracts birds and other vertebrates,
or with flesh were classified as
vertebrate dispersed
123
those seeds known to be
gathered by mammals and stored in scattered
caches or hoards.
scatterhoarded
124
the allocation of energy,
time, and other resources to the production
and care of offspring.
Reproductive effort
125
explored life history
variation among snakes and lizards to
determine whether generalizations developed
through studies of fish and marine
invertEbrates could be extended to another
group of animals living in very different
environments.
Shine and Charnov (1992)
126
limited energy supplies are allocated to
three functions:
maintenance, growth, and reproduction
127
explored patterns in adult survival and reproductive
effort among 28 populations of fish.
- strong relationship between adult
mortality in populations and reproductive
effort because some combinations of
mortality and reproductive effort have a
higher probability of persisting than others.
Donald Gunderson (1997)
128
was taken as the ovary weight of each
species divided by the species body
weight and adjusted for the number of
batches of offspring produced by each
species per year
Gonadosomatic index or GSI
129
studied the influence
of adult survival on pumpkinseed sunfish life
histories
Bertschy and Fox (1999)
130
which refers to the per
capita rate of increase, as selection favoring a
higher population growth rate.
R selection
131
refers to the carrying capacity of the
logistic growth equation
K selection
132
developed the concept of r and K selection
further in two important papers.
that r selection and K selection are the
endpoints on a continuous distribution and that
most organisms are subject to forms of
selection somewhere in between these
extremes.
Eric Pianka (19970, 1972)
