intergroup behaviour

Question 1

what is intergroup behaviour

Answer 1

any perception, cognition or behaviour that is influenced by people’s recognition that they and others are members of distinct social groups is intergroup behaviour

Question 2

what is relative deprivation

Answer 2

• a sense of having less than we feel entitled to
• perceived gap between expectations or entitlements and attainments
• deprivation is not absolute but relative to other conditions
• crucial precondition for intergroup aggression

Question 3

what did berkowitz argue intergroup prejudice and discriminatory behaviour are functions of

Answer 3

• aversive events
• aggressive associations e.g situational cues, past associations

Question 4

what is collective violence

Answer 4

relative deprivation leads to frustration and aversive environmental conditions amplifies frustration
- individual acts of aggression exacerbated by aggressive stimuli
- aggression become more widespread and assumes role of dominant response
- aggression spreads rapidly through social facilitation process

Question 5

what are the types of relative deprivation

Answer 5

• egoistic
• fraternalistic

Question 6

what is egoistic relative deprivation

Answer 6

• feeling of having less then we feel we are entitled to
• relative to personal aspirations or to other individuals

Question 7

what is fraternalistic relative deprivation

Answer 7

• sense that our group has less than it is entitled to
• relative to the collective aspirations or other groups
• associated with social unrest

Question 8

what is the realistic conflict theory

Answer 8

sherif
- groups compete over scarce resources, intergroup relations become marked by conflict and ethnocentrism arises

Question 9

what were the four phases in sherif’s summer camp studies

Answer 9

• spontaneous friendship formation - arrived at camp, engaged in various activities, friendships formed
• in-group and norm formation - camp divided into 2 groups, friendships split. groups isolated, separated living quatres, developed norms and status differences
• intergroup competition
• intergroup cooperation

Question 10

what happened in the intergroup competition phase

Answer 10

introduction to competitive games between the groups
- ethnocentric attitudes amplified
- majority of intergroup encounters degenerated into intergroup hostility
- intergroup relations deteriorated - two of the experiments concluded at this stage

Question 11

what happened in the intergroup cooperation phase

Answer 11

• groups provided with superordinate goals
• groups had to work together in cooperation
• cooperation between the groups to achieve superordinate goal lead to reduction in intergroup conflict

Question 12

what does the realistic conflict theory conclude

Answer 12

the nature of goals determine relations
- mutually exclusive goals between groups - realistic intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
- shared goals - cooperation and reduction in conflict

Question 13

how do brewer and campbell support realistic conflict theory

Answer 13

• greater derogation of more proximal tribal groups
• direct competition for scarce resources

Question 14

what did fisher find about the realistic conflict theory

Answer 14

establishing superordinate goals can reduce intergroup conflict between communities and nations

Question 15

what is the minimal group paradigm

Answer 15

• experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour
• assigned pps to 2 groups
• pps only knew their own group membership
• identity of recipients was unknown
• asked to allocate money to others
• found in-group favouritism despite no history with other members

Question 16

how did billig and tajfel 1973 research minimal group paradigm

Answer 16

• random allocation to x/y
• toss of coin
• to eliminate possibility that pps may infer that people in same group interpersonally similar to one another because of artist preference
• mere allocation to a group produced in-group favouritism and competitive intergroup behaviour

Question 17

what is the social identity theory

Answer 17

theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorisation, social comparison and construction of a shared self-definition in terms of in-group defining properties

Question 18

what is social identity

Answer 18

part of self-concept derived from membership of social groups

Question 19

how can intergroup relations be improved through realistic conflict theory

Answer 19

• existence of superordinate goals gradually reduces intergroup conflict
• however problem if fail to achieve

Question 20

what is the contact hypothesis

Answer 20

bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination

Question 21

what did allport say were the conditions of contact in the contact hypothesis

Answer 21

• should be prolonged and involved activity
• contact between people or groups of equal social status
• should occur within framework of official and institutional support for integration