Intergroup Relations

Question 1

Sherif (1949, 1954)

Answer 1

Summer camp studies - Argues that competition for scarce resources leads to conflict. Prejudice quickly emerges in the group with 93% of friendships being in-group.<div><br></br></div><div>Rober’s Cave Study - Friendship choices went from 93% to 63%. Stereotypes changed, saw the other group as more like ‘us’.</div><div><br></br></div><div>Highlights the power of categorisation and context. Group memberships shape the understanding of context.</div><div><br></br></div>

Question 2

Reicher, Haslam and Rath (2008)

Answer 2

Five-Step Social Identity Model of the Development of Collective Hate:<br></br>1) cohesive ingroup;<br></br>2) exclusion of outgroup targets;<br></br>3) threat to ingroup identity;<br></br>4) virtue;<br></br>5) celebration of inhumanity as protecting virtue.

Look at example of Holocaust.

• In-group identity defined to exclude minority as out-group. Jews as non-Germans.
• Minority seen as a threat to in-group values. Jews seen as out-of-place.
• Led to mobilisation of hate

Question 3

Reicher et al. (2006)

Answer 3

Looking at mobilising hate.<div><br></br></div><div>Bulgarian authorities deported non-Bulgarian jews. Bulgarian’s seen as in-group and in-group inclusion goes against values. Against their interest to go against own people.

Created the in-group norm that deporting would harm values.</div><div><br></br></div><div>Group identity can be a basis for mobilising hate and solidarity. Social categorisation is important.</div>

Question 4

Van Rijswijk, Hopkins, & Johnston (2009)

Answer 4

Social categorisation and perceived identity threat. Characterising them. <div><br></br></div><div>Neutral vs catholic reps of Poland in NI.</div><div><br></br></div><div> Protestant participants. Manipulated salience of Poland’s Catholicism.

When Poland seen as historial country - acceptable
When Poland seen as Catholic country - Polish immigrants seen more as an identity threat.History important.</div>

Question 5

Wakefield et al. (2011)

Answer 5

How identity affects behaviour.<div><br></br></div><div>Ethnic vs civic conception of a nation’s identity affects the degree to which an individual accesses the benefits associated with in-group membership.

Civic = Citizenship
Ethnic = Where from originally

Participants given extract on winner of Scots of the year. One condition had names seen as Scottish, other was not.

Judgements of the individual of Chinese heritage when described in ethnic terms were less accepted. Shows that it depend on how define in-group, Impacts treatment of others.

</div><div><br></br></div><div>Study 2+3 - When wearing a Scottish shirt, a civic definition of Scottish identity increased the target’s perceived Scottishness and increased helping.

When Scotland defined in civic terms, Scottish judged a Chinese-heritage target as more Scottish than in the ethnic condition

</div><div><br></br></div><div>Different definitions of ‘us’ impacts upon who is listened to and helped. It can easily be manipulated.<br></br></div>

Question 6

Guendelman et al. (2011)

Answer 6

Looking at identity threat and dietary choices among US immigrant groups.<div><br></br></div><div>Immigrants ate more than 182 calories, will face health consequences in order to fit in.</div><div><br></br></div><div>When asked if they speak English and their identity is under threat, they are more likely to pick more American food.</div>

Question 7

Describe the personality approach to prejudice

Answer 7

Adorno et al. (1950)

• Authoritarian personality prone to prejudice and stereotyping. However, this fails to account for situational and cultural influences.
• Early childhood experience affects behaviour towards others.
• Authoritarian parents cause bottled-up feelings and negative emotions.

Siegel and Siegel (1957) - Surroundings affect attitudes. Looked at different housing areas. More conservative areas were more authoritarian.

Question 8

Introduction - Intergroup Relations

Answer 8

Prejudice - Preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members.

Allport - ‘ill thinking of others without sufficient warrant’. Diff to discrimination which is a negative behaviour, not an attitude.

Diff ways of viewing prejudice.

• Personality view
• Social context
• Language