INTERVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY (IR)

Question 1

is a device that acts as the primary control mechanism for the entire fluoroscope.

Answer 1

X-ray generator

Question 2

It is through the _____ that current is allowed to flow into the X-ray tube.

Answer 2

X-ray generator

Question 3

is a standard feature of the majority of modern fluoroscopes. Through this system mA and kVp are constantly monitored and adjusted to optimize the image.

Answer 3

Automatic brightness control

Question 4

X-rays may be generated in either a ___ or ____

Answer 4

continuous or a pulsed mode

Question 5

Functions as a specific energy converter, receiving electrical energy

Answer 5

X-ray tube

Question 6

Functions as a specific energy converter, receiving electrical energy and converting it into two other forms of energy:

Answer 6

x-radiation (1%) and heat (99%)

Question 7

is the negative side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a filament and a focusing cup.

Answer 7

cathode

Question 8

Is a coil of wire similar to that in a kitchen toaster, but it is much smaller.

Answer 8

filament

Question 9

Emits electrons when it is heated.

Answer 9

filament

Question 10

When the current through the filament is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are “boiled off” and ejected from the filament. A phenomenon called ___

Answer 10

thermionic emission.

Question 11

Is the positive side of the x-ray tube

Answer 11

Anode

Question 12

Area of the anode struck by the electrons from the cathode

Answer 12

target

Question 13

Complex electronic device that receives the image-forming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible-light image of high intensity

Answer 13

Image Intensifier

Question 14

emits electrons when illuminated by the input phosphor

Answer 14

photocathode

Question 15

Usually composed of cesium and antimony compounds that respond to stimulation of input phosphor light by the emission of electrons

Answer 15

photocathode

Question 16

Output phosphor

Answer 16

Usually made of zinc cadmium sulfide

Question 17

Directs the path of electrons towards the anode

Answer 17

Electron optics

Question 18

___ is a medical sub-specialty of radiology utilizing minimally-invasive image-guided procedures to diagnose and treat diseases

Answer 18

Inteventional Radiology

Question 19

Interventional procedures use _____for the treatment of disease, in addition to providing certain diagnostic information

Answer 19

angiographic techniques

Question 20

Interventional radiology has a ___ rather than diagnostic purpose in that it intervenes in, or interferes with, the course of a disease process or other medical condition.

Answer 20

therapeutic

Question 21

Provide ____ viewing of anatomic structures.

Answer 21

real-time dynamic

Question 22

_____ are examinations that show the motion of circulation or the motion of internal structures.

Answer 22

Dynamic studies

Question 23

Uses ___ to highlight the anatomy

Answer 23

contrast media

Question 24

Since ____ invented the fluoroscope in 1896

Answer 24

Thomas A. Edison

Question 25

___ is used for examination of moving internal structures and fluids.

Answer 25

fluoroscope

Question 26

____ is primarily used to identify the anatomy or pathologic process of blood vessels.

Answer 26

Angiography

Question 27

January 1896__ and __ announced that they had produced a radiograph showing the blood vessels of an amputated hand using ____, composed mainly of _____ , a thick emulsion chalk, as contrast agent.

Answer 27

; Haschek and Lindenthal ; Teichman’s mixture; calcium carbonate

Question 28

1920’s – use of ___ as CM for lower limb studies

Answer 28

sodium iodide

Question 29

1927 – Angiography introduced by ___ ; ___ and ___ were used to highlight vessels

Answer 29

Egaz Moniz ; needles and contrast media

Question 30

1950’s – CM is injected through a needle that punctured the vessel or through a ____ that passed into the body through a surgically exposed peripheral vessel

Answer 30

ureteral catheter

Question 31

1953 – development of a thin-walled catheter, _____ announced a percutaneous method of catheter introduction.___ eliminated the surgical risk, w/c exposed the vessel and tissues.

Answer 31

Seldinger technique; Sven-Ivar Seldinger

Question 32

1960’s – ____: transbrachial selective coronary angiography – coronary artery entry through an artery of the arm

Answer 32

Mason Jones

Question 33

1960’s –___ angiography of selective visceral, heart, and head arteries

Answer 33

trasnfemoral

Question 34

coronary angiography

Answer 34

Melvin Judkins

Question 35

visceral angiography

Answer 35

Charles Dotter

Question 36

___ is cost-effective because images are stored electronically

Answer 36

Digital imaging

Question 37

___ a highly sophisticated computer “subtracts” or removes overlying anatomic structures so that the resultant image shows only the vessel or vessels of interest that contain contrast media.

Answer 37

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Question 38

The subtracted image appears as a ___ and may demonstrate diagnostic information not apparent on a conventional non-subtracted image.

Answer 38

reversed image

Question 39

___ accepts light from the output phosphor and converts it into a parallel beam.

Answer 39

objective lens

Question 40

The size of the electron beam and its position are controlled by external electromagnetic coils known as ____

Answer 40

deflection coils, focusing coils, and alignment coils.

Question 41

_____ is thin enough to transmit light yet thick enough to efficiently conduct electricity.

Answer 41

signal plate

Question 42

A photo conductive layer of ______ is applied to the inside of the signal plate. This layer, called the target, is swept by the electron beam. ____ is photoconductive because, when illuminated, it conducts electrons; when dark, it behaves as an insulator.

Answer 42

antimony trisulfide

Question 43

input phosphor

Answer 43

Cesium Iodide