RADIOTHERAPHY (RADTHERA)

Question 1

____ was originally used to obtain a radiographic image of internal anatomy for diagnostic purposes

Answer 1

Ionizing radiation

Question 2

The resultant image depended on many variables, including the ____, _____, _____, and ____ by the various organs of the body.

Answer 2

energy of the beam,the processing techniques, the material on which the image was recorded, most importantly the amount of energy absorbed

Question 3

The transfer of energy from the beam of radiation to the biologic system and the observation of the effects of this interaction became the foundation of ____

Answer 3

radiation oncology.

Question 4

Two of the most obvious and sometimes immediate biologic effects observed during the early diagnostic procedures were ___ and ___

Answer 4

Epilation (loss of hair) and erythema (reddening of the skin).

Question 5

____ and __ resulted primarily from the great amount of energy absorbed by the skin during radiographic procedures.

Answer 5

Epilation and erythema

Question 6

Ionizing radiation was first applied for the treatment of a more in-depth lesion on (date/year), when Dr.___ is reported to have irradiated a woman with carcinoma of the left breast.

Answer 6

Jan. 29, 1896; Dr. Emile H. Grubbe

Question 7

This event occurred only ____ after the discovery of x-rays by Dr. W.K. Rontgen. Although Dr. Grubbe neither expected nor observed any dramatic results from their radiation, the event is significant simply because it occurred.

Answer 7

3 months

Question 8

The first reported curative treatment using ionizing radiation was performed by Dr. ____of New Haven, Connecticut, in (date)

Answer 8

Clarence E. Skinner ; January 1902.

Question 8

Dr. Skinner treated a woman who had a diagnosed___. Over the next ____ the woman received a total of ____ applications of the x-rays. In (month ad year), 7 years after initial application of the radiation, the woman was free of disease and considered “cured.”

Answer 8

malignant fibrosarcoma; 2 years and 3 months ; 136; April 1909

Question 9

First use of Ionizing radiation in treament of cancer

Answer 9

1896; Emile Grubbe

Question 10

Discovery of X-ray (date)(person)

Answer 10

W.K Roentgen; 1895

Question 11

Discovery of radioavtice emissions by uranium compounds

Answer 11

Antoine Henri Becquerel; 1896

Question 12

Discovery of uranium

Answer 12

1898; Marie and Perrie Curie

Question 13

First documented case of cancer “care” using ionizing rad.

Answer 13

Clarence E. Skinner 1902

Question 14

Postulation of first law of radiosensitivity

Answer 14

Jean Bergonie and Louis Tribondeau 1906

Question 15

Invention of Cyclotron

Answer 15

Ernest Lawrence 1932

Question 16

Production of artificial radioactivity

Answer 16

Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie 1934

Question 17

Treatment of cancer patient with neutron beam from cyclotron

Answer 17

Ernest Lawrence and R.S. Stone 1938

Question 18

Contruction of betatron

Answer 18

D.W Kerst 1940

Question 19

installation of first cobalt-60 telepathy units

Answer 19

D.W Kerst 1951

Question 20

_____ is a disease process that involves an unregulated, uncontrolled replication of cells; put more simply, the cells do not know when to stop dividing. These abnormal cells grow without regard to normal tissue. They invade adjacent tissues, destroy normal tissue, and create mass of tumor cells. Cancerous cells can further spread by invading the lymph or blood vessels that drain the area.

Answer 20

Cancer

Question 21

The spread of cancer from the original site to different, remote parts of the body is termed ___

Answer 21

metastasis

Question 22

Once cancer has spread to distant sites via bloodborne metastasis, the patient is considered ___

Answer 22

Incurable

Question 23

The Overall lifetime risk of developing cancer is __ for men and about ___ for women. Cancer can occur in persons of any age, although the majority of patients are diagnosed after the age of __ years.

Answer 23

44% ; 31% ; 50

Question 24

The most common cancers that occur in the United States are ____

Answer 24

lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer.

Question 25

____ is the most common malignancy in men;

Answer 25

Prostate cancer

Question 26

for women, ___ is the most common.

Answer 26

breast cancer

Question 27

In both men and women, the second and third most common cancers are __ and ___

Answer 27

lung and colorectal cancer

Question 28

__ is the second only to heart disease as the leading cause of death in the United States.

Answer 28

Cancer

Question 29

Cancer commonly is the result of exposure to a ___, which is a substance or material that causes cells to undergo malignant transformation and become cancerous.

Answer 29

carcinogen

Question 30

___ and ___products are the principal cause of cancers of the lung, esophagus, oral cavity/pharynx, and bladder.

Answer 30

Cigarettes and other tobacco

Question 31

Cigarette smokers are ___ more likely to develop lung cancer than are nonsmokers.

Answer 31

10 times

Question 32

Occupational exposure to chemicals such as ____ can also cause lung cancer.

Answer 32

chromium, nickel, or arsenic

Question 33

Another carcinogen is ____. It was responsible for the development of ____ in radium-dial painters in the 1920s and 1930s, and it caused the development of skin cancers in pioneer radiologists.

Answer 33

ionizing radiation; osteogenic sarcoma

Question 34

Chromosomal defects have also been identified in other cancers, such as____.

Answer 34

leukemia, Wilms' tumor, retinoblastoma, and breast cancer

Question 35

Smallest unit into which chemical element can be broken down without losing its chemical identity. * The basic unit of a chemical element * As a source of nuclear energy. * An extremely small amount of a thing.

Answer 35

atom

Question 36

is the number of protons and neutrons or collectively called Nucleons.

Answer 36

Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass Number

Question 37

Electrons can exist only in certain shells, which represent different electron binding energies or energy levels.

Answer 37

Electron Shell/Energy Level

Question 38

For identification purposes, electron orbital shells are given the codes _____and so forth, to represent the relative binding energies of electrons from closest to the nucleus to farthest from the nucleus.

Answer 38

K,L, M, N,

Question 39

The ____ that can exist in each shell increases with the distance of the shell from the nucleus.

Answer 39

maximum number of electrons

Question 40

____ is the principal quantum number

Answer 40

Shell number (n)

Question 41

The number of electrons in the ___ is equal to its group in the periodic table and determines the valence of an atom.

Answer 41

outermost shell

Question 42

The number of the ___ is equal to its period in the periodic table.

Answer 42

outermost electron shell

Question 43

Atomic electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positive charged nucleus

Answer 43

Electron Binding Energy

Question 45

___ Force that pull the electron out of the atom as it revolved around its axis.

Answer 45

Centrifugal Force

Question 46

The work that is required to remove an electron from an atom is called the ___

Answer 46

electron binding energy.

Question 47

The binding energy of the outer shell electron is small, that is,___ (unit).

Answer 47

several electron volts (eV)

Question 48

The binding energy of inner shell electrons is large, that is, thousands of ___ (units).

Answer 48

electron volts (keV)

Question 49

Binding energies are___ for each electron shell of each element.

Answer 49

unique

Question 50

K-shell binding energy ___ with atomic number

Answer 50

increases

Question 51

Ionization potential is ___ of the Carbon atom, a primary constituent of Tissue

Answer 51

34 eV

Question 52

Rest mass energy of an electron is ___

Answer 52

511 keV.

Question 53

Energetic particles can knock out inner shell electrons only ___ than the electron binding energy.

Answer 53

if their kinetic energy is greater

Question 54

A vacancy in the K shell will be filled by an ___.

Answer 54

electron from a higher shell

Question 55

___ energy is the characteristic x-ray energy minus the binding energy of the outer shell electron.

Answer 55

Auger electron energy

Question 56

A K-shell vacancy results in either a ___ being emitted from the atom.

Answer 56

characteristic x-ray or an Auger electron

Question 57

Electrons moving from an outer shell to an inner shell may emit excess energy as __

Answer 57

electromagnetic radiation

Question 58

Atomic Mass Number is expressed in __

Answer 58

Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u)

Question 59

* ___ is one of the most influential people of his time, described all matter as being composed of the "four basic elements" fire, earth, air and water. * Also known as: __

Answer 59

ARISTOTLE; Greek atom