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BVetMed3 Alimentary > Intestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Intestinal Pathology Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

How long does it take for the cell population of the gut to turn over?

A

3–5 days

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2
Q

How does inflammatory infiltrate of the lamina propria affect the level of absorption?

A

Decreased SA, reduced absorption

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with intestinal dysfunction?

A

Abdominal pain
V+
Diarrhoea - acute and chronic
Constipation

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4
Q

What types of displacement of the intestine can cause abdominal pain?

A

Volvulus

Torsion

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5
Q

What is the difference between torsion and volvulus?

A

Torsion - twisting on long axis

Volvulus - twisting on mesenteric axis

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6
Q

What types of obstruction are there?

A

Internal and external

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7
Q

Give examples of an internal obstruction

A

FB
Parasites
Tumour
Intussusception

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8
Q

Give an example of an external obstruction

A

Strangulating lipoma

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9
Q

What is the most common type of intestinal displacement?

A

Volvulus

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10
Q

Where in horses is torsion common?

A

Free end of the left colon

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11
Q

What vessels get compressed first in volvulus/torsion/intussuception?

A

Thin walled veins

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12
Q

How does a volvulus/torsion/intussuception result in peritonitis?

A 
Veins get compressed
Venous congestion
Ischaemic infarction 
Necrosis 
Reduced gut barrier function - bacteria in and endotoxaemia (if G-)
Proximal obstruction 
Perforation - gut contents into abdo
PERITONITIS
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13
Q

What clinical presentation would you associate with an upper intestinal tract obstruction?

A

ACUTE AND SEVERE

Vomiting
Metabolic alkalosis
Dehydration
Reduced renal flow and uraemia

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14
Q

What clinical presentation would you associate with lower GI tract obstruction?

A

LESS ACUTE THAN UGIT
- increased fluid resorption proximal to the obstruction - less vomiting

  • pressure - ulceration and infarction +/- perforation
  • eventually haemorrage and peritonitis

Eventual metabolic acidosis due to dehydration + catabolism of fat+muscle - ketones

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15
Q

What is the difference between fibrin and fibrinous tissue?

A

Fibrin - soft, yellow, stringy

Fibrinous tissue - scar tissue - firm, white

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16
Q

What are the four mechanisms of diarrhoeal pathogenesis?

A
  1. Altered structure/permeability (malabsorption)
  2. Altered epithelial cell transport (secretory diarrhoea)
  3. Osmotic effects (e.g. maldigestion)
  4. Altered motility
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17
Q

How can osmotic effects result in diarrhoea ?

Give an example

A

Lactose Intolerance

Increased solutes in gut lumen therefore water moves out

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18
Q

What bacteria causes a secretory diarrhoea?

A

E.Coli

Chloride ions into gut lumen

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19
Q

What are the broad consequences of acute diarrhoea?

A

Loss of water

Loss of ions

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20
Q

How does acute loss of water affect the patient?

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A

Dehydration
Haemoconcentration
Hypovolaemic shock

21
Q

How does acute loss of ions affect the patient?

What ions are typically lost?

Study These Flashcards
A

Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate

Hypokalaemia
Metabolic acidosis

22
Q

What viruses can cause acute diarrhoea?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Parvovirus

23
Q

What bacteria can cause acute diarrhoea?

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A

C. Diff
Campylobacter
Salmonella

24
Q

What Protozoa can cause acute diarrhoea?

Study These Flashcards
A

Coccidia

Cryptosporidium

25
What endoparasites can cause acute diarrhoea?
CYATHOSTOMES (horses principally)
26
What pathogens target the tips of villi?
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM E.COLI
27
How could you identify cryposporidium on histology?
Oocysts (dots) seen on tips of villi - adhering to brush border
28
What pathogen attacks intestinal crypt cells? Why? What other cell type does it attack?
PARVO Needs DNA polymerase therefore needs rapidly dividing cells Immune cells
29
How does rotavirus affect villi?
Attacks enterocytes towards the tips of villi Villi become blunted, stunted and fused Loss of epithelium
30
What appearance of the intestine is pathognomonic of Parvo?
Payer’s patches ‘punched out’ | +crypts with necrotic cells on histology
31
What types of lesions are associated with salmonellosis?
Necrotising + Ulcerative lesions - fibrino-necrotising severe focal or multi focal mucosal damage ILIOTIFLOCOLITIS
32
What causes ‘colitis X’?
Clostridial colitis Toxins released into gut lumen cause diffuse reddening
33
What is seen in the colon of horses with cyathostominosis?
Red dots within mucosa (encysted L3/4 larvae)
34
What can cause chronic diarrhoea +/- weight loss?
Chronic enterocolitis (IBD) - lymphoplasmacytic - eosinophilic - granulomatous Lymphangiectasia Endoparasites Neoplasia Grass sickness
35
How can IBD be subdivided histologically?
- Lymphoplasmocytic | - eosinophilic
36
What can cause protein losing enteropathy?
- increased permeability to plasma proteins - lost to intestinal lumen - chronic inflammation - lymphatic blockage
37
How can PLE result in oedema and ascites? What other clinical sign might be associated with this?
``` Albumin lost Loss exceeds liver synthesis Hypoalbuminaemia Decreased plasma osmotic pressure Oedema and ascites ``` Wasting and emaciation
38
How can bacterial overgrowth result in malabsorption?
Toxins - intestinal epithelial cell injury Consumption of nutrients Bile salt deconjigation and subsequent deficiency.
39
What neoplastic condition can cause a secondary PLE?
Intestinal lymphoma
40
What does fibrin education of a granulomatous lesion indicate?
Chronic active lesion
41
How could you describe exaggerated folding of the intestinal mucosa (granulomatous enteritis)?
Cerebroform
42
When might you expect to see a giant, multinucleated cell in the intestines in a cow with diarrhoea ?
Johnes
43
What endoparasite is associated with malabsorption?
Cyathostomins
44
What endoparasite is associated with obstruction?
Ascarids
45
What endoparasite is associated with vascular compromise?
large strongyles E.g. strongylus vulgaris in horses
46
What endoparasite can cause mesenteric arteritis in horses? How does this affect the gut?
Strongylus vulgaris | necrosis
47
What can be seen histologically in horses with acute grass sickness?
Dark (pyknotic) small, marginalised nucleus of neurones in e.g. submucosa plexus Decreased number, hypereosinophilic
48
What is the acute presentation of grass sickness?
Nasogastric reflux and oesophageal ulceration | Gastric dilation and rupture
49
What is the subacute/chronic presentation of grass sickness?
``` Weight loss Muscle tremors Rhinitis Sicca (dry nose) Dysphagia Patchy sweating Constipation Large colon impaction ```

BVetMed3 Alimentary (16 decks)

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