Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FMS Week 6 > Intracellular Accumulations and Pathologic Calcifications > Flashcards

Intracellular Accumulations and Pathologic Calcifications Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
A

Early atherosclerotic lesion: foam cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glycogen storages disease AKA

A

glycogenoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A

endogenous pigment melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A

HEPATIC STEATOSIS

Macrovesicular steatosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where can you see steatosis

A

Liver, heart, muscles, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of pigment is melanin

A

endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alcholic hyaline (mallory denk body)

A

eosinophilic inclusion in liver cells

characteristic of alcoholic liver dz but not specific

complsed of keratin intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cholesterol and cholesterol ester accumulation

A

generally happens without intracellular accumulation(normal)

Intracytoplasmic vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Defect in protein folding/transport

A

Accumulation of abmornal endogenous substance due to genetic or acquired defects in its:

folding

packing

Transport

Eg: mutated forms of alpha 1 anti-trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A

Anthracosis: blackening of the lung parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Melanin

A

endogenous brown black pigment

tyrosinase catalizes oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

Arteriolar hyaline

amorphous eosinophilic material in arteriolar wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

deposition may occur in normal tissues whenever ther eis hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

deposits of calcium locally in dying/ abnormal tissue

typically normal serum calcium levels

typically calcium metabolism is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reversability

A

Accumulation often reversible: if overload can be stopped or controlled

EG early atherosclerosis

In inherited storage disorders where accumulation is progressive: overload may cause cellular injusry, and it may lead to death of cells and tissue, and patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does intracellular accumulation usually occur

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, within organelles (usually lysosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

Asbestos bodies

depostition of calcium and iron salts on asbestos fibers

beaded dumbbell appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extracellular hyaline

A

arterioles in HTN, DM

collagenous fibrous tissues in a scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

Renal tubule reabsorption droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A

Psammoma bodies

necrotic cells can seed calcium depsosition

subsequent deposition of additional layers of calcium givecs a lamellated appearance

(seen particularly in tumors with a papillary morphology, in this case a papilary serous ovarian tumor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Exogenous pigment: carbon

A

most common exogenous pigment “coal dust”

air pollutant (worse urban)

Inhaled, picked up by alveolar macrophages transported through lymphatic channels to regional (tracheo-bronchial) lymph nodes

blackens lung and node tissue “anthracosis”

may cauze lung dz with hevy exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A

Tattooing of bowel by surgeon

exogenous tattoo pigment injected into colon at site of biopsy (to aid later surgery- reexcision for example)

Pigment is taken up by local macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Glycogen storage dzs (glycogenoses)

A

Enzymatic defects in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen

massive accumulatino of glycogen

causes cell injury and cell death

ex pompe dz, von gierke dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

A

may be seen in areas of tissue necrosis

usually present in atheromas of advances atherosclerosis

May be seen in ageing/damaged heart valves (may hamper function)

“Psammoma bodies”

“Asbestos bodies”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lipofuscin pigment morphology
yellow brown pigment finely granular cytoplasmic, often perinuclear
26
Most common cause of liver steatosis
Alcoholic liver dz
27
Lipofuscin pigement
28
Atherosclerosis
Smooth muscle cells and macrophages in surface/wall of arteried filled with lipid vacuoles mostly cholesterol/cholesterol esters Aggregated of foam cells in surface/wall of vessel give yellow appearance of atheromas Some may rupture releasing into extracellular space Extracellular cholesterol esters may crystalize as long needles: Cholesterol clefts seen on histologic examination
29
Protein accumulations
Intracellular accumulations usually rounded eosinophilic (pink) droplets, vacuoles, or aggregates in the cytoplasm
30
Intracellular hyaline
reabsorption droplets, alcoholic hyaline, russel bodies
31
Neurofibrillary tangle Eosinophilic clumped material can be in cytoplasm or extraacellular silver stain can show tangle in neuron tangle on tau immunohistochemistry (tau is a complonent of tangles)
32
Atherosclerotic plaque
33
Local excess of iron breakdown
Hemorrhade into tissues eg skin bruise macrophages breakdown of blood removal of iron -\> ferettin -\> hemosiderin parallel breakdown of heme moiety: biliverdin (green bile) to bilirubin (red bile) gives rise to the mulicolors of resorbin bruise (red blue, green blue, golden yellow)
34
Anthracosis: black carbon pigment within macrophages in lung parenchyma
35
Endogenous
synthesized within the body
36
Where is glycogen found
renal tubular cells, liver, heart cells
37
4 pathways of intracellular accumulation
Abnormal metabolism Defect in protein folding/ transport Lack of enzyme Ingestion of indigestable materials
38
Metastatic calcification
deposits of ca in otherwise normal tissues usually associated with hypercalcemia, some abnormality in calcium metabolism
39
Exogenous
from outside of the body
40
Calcification histology Amorphous granular basolphilic (purplish) clumps and granules in stroma
41
Atherosclerotic plaque
42
4 main causes sof metastatic calcification
1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (pth) with subsequent bone resorbtion (eg due to parathyroid tumors 2) resorption of bone (tumors: myeloma, leukemia, extensive metastases; accelerated turnover- padgets dz; immobilization 3) vitamin D related disorders (vit D intox, sarcoidosis (macrophages ctivate vit D precursor) 4 ) renal failure (renal failure -\> retentin of phosphate -\> hyperparathyroidism) other: mild-alkali syndome (excessive ingestino of ca and absorbable antacids eg mild or calcium phosphate)
43
Hemosiderosis
systematic overload of iron- hemosiderin may be deposited in many tissues
44
what gives yellow appearance of atheromas
aggregated of foam cells in surface/ wall vessel
45
Renal tube reabsorption droplets
seen in kidney conditions that have protein loss in the urine (proteinuria) Normally small amounts of protein that filter through the glomerulus are reabsorbed by the proximal tubular cells heavy proteinuria -\> increased reabsorption of pink lyline droplets within the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells process is reversible
46
Why lysosomes? Lysosomal storage dzs?
Lysosomes are waste basket of cell
47
Russell Bodies
48
Gastric Xanthoma Foamy macrophages/ histiocytes in the lamina propria beneath epithelial surface of gastric biopsy Massive intracellular accumulation of cholesterol
49
Squamous epithelium with (normal) glycogenation This is a squamous epithelium (cervix) The glycogen within the cells makes the cytoplasm appear clear
50
Lipofuscin is what type of pigment
endogenous
51
Neurofibrillary tangle
found in alzheimers dz contains neurofilaments and other proteins (eg tau)
52
Cardiac valves with calcification
53
Microvesicular steatosis
fine vacuoles. foamy cytoplasm
54
Alcoholic hyaline (mallory denk body) clumped amorphous eosinophilic body cytoplasmic location tangled keratin fibrils second pic: immunostain for karatins Clumped staining in cytoplasm
55
Causes of steatosis
Toxins, protein malnutrition, DM, obesity, anoxia
56
Steatosis/ Fatty change
Accumulation in triglycerides within parenchymal calls Liver: main organ in fat matabolism Heart, muscle, kidneys Causes: toxins, protein malnutrition, DM, obesity, anoxis Most common cause alcoholic liver dz followed by nonalcoholic fatty liver dz (DM and obesity)
57
What type of pigment is hemosiderin
endogenous
58
Hemosiderosis in liver liver parenchyma : special stain for iron (prussian blue stain) Note the xytoplasmic granular blue staining representing iron This is a case of hereditary hemochromotosis
59
Endogenous pigment hemosiderin
hemoglobin derived pigment one of the major storage forms of iron golden yellow-brown granular or crystiline
60
Endogenous pigment: lipfuscin
wear and tear pigment seen in cells undergoing slow regressive change prominent in liver and heart of aging people or pts with severe malnutrition cancer cachexia ( wasting) Insoluable polymers of lipids and phospholipids in complex with proteins ? derived from breakdown of subcellular membranes not harmful to cells may indicate cell exposure to free radical injury
61
Breif tour of iron metabolism
in circulation, iron is normally carried by transferrin in cells, iron is stored with apoferritin to form ferritin miscelles- present in most cells local or systematic excess of iron -\> ferretin forms hemosiderin granules (aggregates of ferritin micelles these can be seen by microscopy
62
What causes xanthomas
massive intracellular accumulation of cholesterol
63
Protein may aggregate leading to ER stress if unfolded protein response overwhelmed, will lead to apoptosis
64
Amyloidoses
Protein accumulations. Usually deposits extracellular
65
Glycogen
Stored in the xytoplasm of cells excessive deposits may be seen with abnormal glucose or glycogen metabolism glycogen dissolves in aqueous fixatives -\> glycogen accumulation appears clear DM- the most important example of a disorder of glucose metabolism glycogen found in renal tubular cells, liver, heart cells
66
Lipofuscin pigement
67
Tattoo
exogenous pigment localized exogenous pigmentation of skin (or bowel) In skin, pigment is phagocytosed by dermal marcophages generally inert- not associated with inflammation May reside locally long term
68
Lack of enzyme
Failure to degrade metabolite due to inherited enzyme deficiency Eg: storage disorders Eg Lysosomal storage dzs
69
Cholesterolosis of the gallbladder focal accumulation of cholesterol containing maccrophages in the lamina propria
70
Neiman Pick Dz Type C
Lysosomal storage dz mutations in enzyme involved in protein trafficking cholesterol accumulates in multiple organs
71
Abnormal Metabolism
Excess sunthesis Decreased removal Eg: steatosis/ fatty liver
72
Pathologic calcification
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts
73
Russell bodies
large cytoplasmic protein droplets (in a plasma cell tumor- myeloma) Seen in certain plasma cells actively synthesizing immunoglobulins ( area of chronic inflammation, plasma neoplasms) ER becomes hugely distended
74
Hyaline: a morphologic term
alteration in cellular or extracellular space that gives hemogenous glassy pink appearance on routine H+E a variety of pathologies can give rise to hyaline appearance, does not refer to a specific pattern of accumulation
75
Main causes of hemosiderosis
1) increased absorption of dietary iron (imborn error of metabolism- hemochromatosis) 2) hemolytic anemias (premature lysis of RBCs -\> releases abnormal quantities of iron) 3) repeated blood transfusions (equivalent to exogenous administration of iron)
76
Ingestion of indigestible materials
Deposition and accumulation of abnormal exogenous substance When cell does not have enzymatic machinery to degrade the substance or the ability to transport to other sited Eg Carbon or silica accumulation
77
Normal iron breakdown
may be seen normally in sites where RBCs are broken down (bone marrow, spleen, liver)
78
Metastatic calcification
may occur throughout the body particular sites include gastric mucosa, kidneys, kungs- all secrete acid -\> have an internal alkaline compartment that predisposed to calcification microscopically morphologically simiar to dystrophic calcification usually does not have clinical dysfunction (unless massive deposition in eg lungs, kidneys
79
Cholesterol esters crystalize as long needles called...
cholesterol clefts
80
Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficciency in liver aggregates of misfolded A1AT proteins
81
Renal tubule reabsorption droplets
proximal tubule cells :abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm protein reabsorption droplets: small eosinophilic droplets
82
Calcification: microscopic appearance
Basophilic (purple color on Hand E), amorphous, granular, maybe clumped appearance Can be extracellular or intracellular or both heterotopic bone may form in the long-standing areas of calcification
83
Macrovascular steatosis
cytoplasmic large clear droplets- looks like fat cell/ adipocyte
84
Xanthomas
Macrophage intracellular accumulation of cholesterol is characteristic of acquired and hereditary lyperlipidemic states groups of foamy macrophages found in the connective tissue of skin and in tendons formin masses termed xanthomas May also be seen in non-hyperlipidemic states

FMS Week 6 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions