INTRACERLLULAR COMMUNICATION

Question 1

can be defined as the communication that
takes place within the cell.

Answer 1

Intracellular communication

Question 2

The basis for the coordination of the physiological functions within a
multicellular organism is

Answer 2

intercellular signaling

Question 3

Cells communicate through chemical signals, these chemical signals are
known as

Answer 3

ligands.

Question 4

also called lipid-soluble ligands, can directly diffuse
through the plasma membrane and interact with internal receptors.

Answer 4

hydrophobic ligands

Question 5

bind to the
extracellular domain of cell-surface receptors.

Answer 5

Water-soluble ligands

Question 6

within the target cell must be coordinated, fine-tuned
and channeled within a network of intracellular signaling paths that finally
trigger distinct biochemical reactions and thus determine the specific functions
of a cell

Answer 6

Signal transduction

Question 7

Tool for Intracellular Signaling (2)

Answer 7

Extracellular messengers
Gap junctions

Question 8

Cells send out signals in the form of specific
messenger molecules that the target cell transmits into a biochemical
reaction.

Answer 8

Extracellular messengers

Question 9

are channels that connect
two neighboring cells to allow a direct exchange of metabolites and signaling
molecules between the cells.

Answer 9

Gap junctions

Question 10

Tool for Intracellular Signaling (2)

Answer 10

Cell–cell interaction via cell-surface proteins

Electrical signaling

Question 11

A further intercellular communication mechanism relies
on electrical processes.

Answer 11

Electrical signaling

Question 12

Another form of direct
communication between cells occurs with the help of surface proteins.

Answer 12

Cell–cell interaction via cell-surface proteins

Question 13

Features of Cell Signaling (4)

Answer 13

Specificity
Amplification
Desensitization
Integration

Question 14

the complementarity of structure between ligand and receptor binding contributes to the high specificity of the signaling pathway.

Answer 14

Specificity

Question 15

During intracellular communication, the signal amplifies
several folds to generate the response.

Answer 15

Amplification

Question 16

Also known as adaption, it is the condition that arises due to the continuous binding of the ligand to the receptor

Answer 16

Desensitization

Question 17

It can be defined as the ability of the system to receive multiple
signals and produce a unified response appropriate to the needs of the cell.

Answer 17

Integration

Question 18

Stages of Intracellular
Communication (3)

Answer 18

Reception
Transduction
Response

Question 19

It refers to receiving
the signal via ligand molecule
binding to the receptor.

Answer 19

Reception

Question 20

It refers to the
transfer of the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, it is achieved by activating several proteins via phosphorylation,
dephosphorylation.

Answer 20

Transduction

Question 21

A cell generates a
varying type of response according to the need, which result is the change in the metabolic activity of the cell.

Answer 21

Response

Question 22

Forms of Cellular
Signaling (4)

Answer 22

Paracrine Signaling
Autocrine Signaling
Endocrine Signaling
Direct Cell Signaling

Question 23

Signals that act locally
between cells that are close
together

Answer 23

Paracrine Signaling

Question 24

a type of signaling where the
cell releases a chemical
molecule, which acts as a
ligand that binds to the
receptor on the cell that
produces it

Answer 24

Autocrine Signaling

Question 25

It is a long-distance signaling pathway.

Answer 25

Endocrine Signaling

Question 26

The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called

Answer 26

hormones

Question 27

Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are connections between the plasma membranes of neighboring cells.

Answer 27

Direct Cell Signaling

Question 28

Types of Receptors (5)

Answer 28

Cell Surface Receptor Enzyme Linked Receptor Ion Channel Linked Receptor G – Protein Linked Receptor Internal Receptor

Question 29

also known as transmembrane receptors, are integral proteins that bind to external signaling molecules.

Answer 29

Cell Surface Receptor

Question 30

are cell surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme.

Answer 30

Enzyme-linked receptors

Question 31

bind to a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through.

Answer 31

Ion Channel Linked Receptor

Question 32

bind to a ligand and activate an associated G-protein

Answer 32

G – Protein Linked Receptor

Question 33

also known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors, are found in the cytoplasm of target cells and respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane

Answer 33

Internal Receptor

Question 34

Signaling Pathways and Signal Amplification (3)

Answer 34

Signaling Pathway Phosphorylation Second Messengers

Question 35

After the ligand binds to the cell-surface receptor, the activation of the receptor’s intracellular components sets off a chain of events that is called a

Answer 35

Signaling Pathway

Question 36

One of the most common chemical modifications that occurs in signaling pathways is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule in a process called phosphorylation.

Answer 36

Phosphorylation

Question 37

The transfer of the phosphate is catalyzed by an enzyme called a

Answer 37

kinase.

Question 38

are small molecules that propagate a signal after it has been initiated by the binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor.

Answer 38

Second Messengers

Question 39

The first messenger activates a Gprotein-linked receptor, which activates a specific G protein.

Answer 39

Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)